By Arnel P.

Colanggo

 Putting data into a database in only a half battle,

the other half involves using it effectively.

Database is the systematically arrange collection
of data, structured so that it can automatically
retrieve or manipulated
Relational Database Management System(RDBMS)is a computer program devised to create, store and
manipulate database.
Structured Query Language (SQL)

A database query and a programming language

widely used for accessing, querying, updating

and
managing data in relational database
management system.

is a basic concept with an RDBMS, and one

that becomes important when designing a

database with more than one table. When
foreign keys are used to link one table to
another, referential integrity by its nature,
imposes constraints on inserting new records
and updating existing records. For example, if
a table only accepts certain types of values
for a particular field, and other tables use that
fields as their foreign key, these automatically
imposes constraints on the dependent table.

An important part of designing a database is a

process known as normalization. Normalization

refers to the activity of streamlining a database
design by eliminating redundancies and
repeated values. Most often, redundancies are
eliminated by placing repeating groups of
values into separate tables and linking them
through foreign keys. This not only makes the
database more compact and reduces the disk
space it occupies, but it also simplifies the task
of making changes.

 SQL INSERT STATEMENT

INSERT INTO target [(field1[, field2[, ...]])]

VALUES (value1[, value2[, ...])

The INSERT INTO statement has these parts:
target
The name of the table or query to append records to.
field1, field2
Names of the fields to append data to, if following a target

argument, or the names of fields to obtain data from, if following a

source argument.
value1, value2
The values to insert into the specific fields of the new record. Each
value is inserted into the field that corresponds to the value's
position in the list: value1 is inserted into field1 of the new record,
value2 into field2, and so on. You must separate values with a
comma, and enclose text fields in quotation marks (' ').

 SELECT STATEMENT
Instructs the Microsoft Access database engine to return

information from the database as a set of records.

Syntax
SELECT [predicate] { * | table.* | [table.]field1 [AS alias1] [,
[table.]field2 [AS alias2] [, ...]]}
FROM tableexpression [, ...] [IN externaldatabase]
[WHERE... ]
[GROUP BY... ]
[HAVING... ]
[ORDER BY... ]
[WITH OWNERACCESS OPTION]
The SELECT statement has these parts:
predicate
One of the following predicates: ALL, DISTINCT, DISTINCTROW, or
TOP. You use the predicate to restrict the number of records
returned. If none is specified, the default is ALL.
*
Specifies that all fields from the specified table or tables are
selected.

 table
The name of the table containing the fields from which

records are selected.

field1, field2
The names of the fields containing the data you want to
retrieve. If you include more than one field, they are retrieved
in the order listed.
alias1, alias2
The names to use as column headers instead of the original
column names in table.
tableexpression
The name of the table or tables containing the data you want
to retrieve.
externaldatabase
The name of the database containing the tables in
tableexpression if they are not in the current database.

 UPDATE STATEMENT
Creates an update query(update query: An action query (SQL

statement) that changes a set of records according to criteria (search

conditions) that you specify.) that changes values in fields in a
specified table based on specified criteria.

Syntax
UPDATE table

SET newvalue
WHERE criteria;
The UPDATE statement has these parts:
table
The name of the table containing the data you want to
modify.
newvalue
An expression(expression: Any combination of mathematical
or logical operators, constants, functions, and names of fields,
controls, and properties that evaluates to a single value.
Expressions can perform calculations, manipulate characters,
or test data.) that determines the value to be inserted into a
particular field in the updated records.
criteria
An expression that determines which records will be updated.
Only records that satisfy the expression are updated.

Remarks
UPDATE is especially useful when you want to

change many records or when the records that

you want to change are in multiple tables.
You can change several fields at the same time.
The following example increases the Order
Amount values by 10 percent and the Freight
values by 3 percent for shippers in the United
Kingdom:
UPDATE Orders
SET OrderAmount = OrderAmount * 1.1,
Freight = Freight * 1.03
WHERE ShipCountryRegion = 'UK';

 DELETE STATEMENT
Creates a delete query(delete query: A query (SQL statement)

that removes rows matching the criteria that you specify from
one or more tables.) that removes records from one or more of
the tables listed in the FROM clause that satisfy the WHERE
clause.
Syntax
DELETE [table.*]
FROM table
WHERE criteria
The DELETE statement has these parts:
table.*
The optional name of the table from which records are deleted.
table
The name of the table from which records are deleted.
criteria
An expression(expression: Any combination of mathematical or
logical operators, constants, functions, and names of fields,
controls, and properties that evaluates to a single value.
Expressions can perform calculations, manipulate characters, or
test data.) that determines which records to delete.

 Remarks
DELETE is especially useful when you want to delete many

records.
To drop an entire table from the database, you can use the
Execute method with a DROP statement. If you delete the table,
however, the structure is lost. In contrast, when you use DELETE,
only the data is deleted; the table structure and all of the table
properties, such as field attributes and indexes, remain intact.
You can use DELETE to remove records from tables that are in a
one-to-many relationship(one-to-many relationship: An
association between two tables in which the primary key value
of each record in the primary table corresponds to the value in
the matching field or fields of many records in the related table.)
with other tables. Cascading delete(cascading delete: For
relationships that enforce referential integrity between tables,
the deletion of all related records in the related table or tables
when a record in the primary table is deleted.) operations cause
the records in tables that are on the many side of the
relationship to be deleted when the corresponding record in the
one side of the relationship is deleted in the query. For example,
in the relationship between the Customers and Orders tables,
the Customers table is on the one side and the Orders table is on
the many side of the relationship. Deleting a record from
Customers results in the corresponding Orders records being
deleted if the cascade delete option is specified.

 A delete query deletes entire records, not just data in specific fields. If

you want to delete values in a specific field, create an update

query(update query: An action query (SQL statement) that changes a
set of records according to criteria (search conditions) that you
specify.) that changes the values to Null(Null: A value you can
enter in a field or use in expressions or queries to indicate
missing or unknown data. In Visual Basic, the Null keyword
indicates a Null value. Some fields, such as primary key fields,
can't contain Null.).

 A criterion is similar to a formula it is a string that may consist of

field references, operators(operator: A sign or symbol that specifies

the type of calculation to perform within an expression. There are
mathematical, comparison, logical, and reference operators.), and
constants(constant: A value that is not calculated and, therefore,
does not change. For example, the number 210, and the text
"Quarterly Earnings" are constants. An expression, or a value
resulting from an expression, is not a constant.). Query criteria are
also referred to as expressions in Microsoft Office Access 2007.
The following tables shows some sample criteria and explains how
they work.
Criteria
Description
>25 and <50
This criterion applies to a Number field, such as Price or
UnitsInStock. It includes only those records where the Price or
UnitsInStock field contains a value greater than 25 and less
than 50.

 DateDiff ("yyyy", [BirthDate], Date()) > 30

This criterion applies to a Date/Time field, such as

BirthDate. Only records where the number of years

between a person's birthdate and today's date is
greater than 30 are included in the query result.
Is Null
This criterion can be applied to any type of field to show
records where the field value is null.
As you can see, criteria can look very different from each
other, depending on the data type of the field to which they
apply and your specific requirements. Some criteria are
simple, and use basic operators and constants. Others are
complex, and use functions, special operators, and include
field references.
This topic lists several commonly used criteria by data type.
If the examples given in this topic do not address your
specific needs, you might need to write your own criteria. To
do that, you must first familiarize yourself with the full list
of functions, operators, special characters, and the syntax
for expressions referring to fields and literals. For more
information, see the articles listed in the See also section.

 Here, you will see where and how you add the

criteria. To add a criteria to a query, you must open

the query in Design view. You then identify the fields
for which you want to specify criteria. If the field is
not already in the design grid, you add it by either
dragging it from the query design window to the
field grid, or by double-clicking the field (Doubleclicking the field automatically adds it to the next
empty column in the field grid.). Finally, you type the
criteria in the Criteria row
Criteria that you specify for different fields in the
Criteria row are combined by using the AND
operator. In other words, the criteria specified in the
City and BirthDate fields are interpreted like this:
City = "Chicago" AND BirthDate <
DateAdd("yyyy", -40, Date())

1. The City and BirthDate fields include criteria.

2.

Only records where the value of the City field is Chicago will
satisfy this
criterion.

3. Only records of those who are at least 40 years old will satisfy
this criterion.
4. Only records that meet both criteria will be included in the result.