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Samples
Having clearly identified a thesis
statement or question, as well as the
population, variables and type of data
involved, a researcher can begin to conduct
his or her study;
To conduct research, data from a sample
must be collected, which could involve
medical testing, laboratory analyses,
surveys, etc.
Samples - Continued
The sample must be:
1. representative of the population;
2. appropriately sized (the larger the
better);
3. unbiased;
4. random (selections occur by chance);
The above criteria are interrelated.
Samples - Continued
To ensure that the four criteria are
met, careful planning is needed (any
errors in the sample will result in
unreliable conclusions);
One of several methods can be
chosen to achieve randomness when
selecting a sample.
Random Sampling
Methods
Six methods are commonly employed.
1. Simple Random Sampling
all individuals in the population have an
equal likelihood of being chosen;
for example, number all students and
select the numbers from a hat (minimize
the level of control that the researcher
has).
Random Sampling
Methods - Continued
2. Systematic Random Sampling
used when you are sampling a fixed percentage
of the population;
randomly select a starting point, then select
every nth individual;
n is referred to as the sampling interval
(n = pop size/sample size);
for example, number all students in a list,
randomly select a starting point in the list, and
select every nth individual.
Random Sampling
Methods - Continued
3. Stratified Random Sampling
population is divided into strata, or
groups;
randomly select members of each
stratum (the number selected is
proportional to the stratums size);
for example, divide our population into
9s, 10s, 11s and 12s, and randomly
select members in each grade.
Random Sampling
Methods - Continued
4. Cluster Random Sampling
population is organized into groups;
groups are randomly selected, and all
members of the group are sampled;
for example, divide our school into
homerooms, randomly select homerooms,
and sample all students in selected
homerooms.
Random Sampling
Methods - Continued
5.
Random Sampling
Methods - Continued
6. Destructive Sampling
applicable to products only;
products chosen randomly,
tested for quality control.
Random Sampling
Methods - Continued
The sampling method chosen depends
on the population of interest;
Sometimes, methods can be
combined;
Careful planning is the key to
generating reliable results always
have contingency plans!
Systematic Random
Sample