You are on page 1of 33

The gaseous state

1
CHAPTER 5

Learning objectives
2

To define pressure and its units


To use Boyles law, Charles law, combined gas law,

Avogadro Law & ideal gas law

To solve stoichiometry problems involving gas volumes


To calculate the partial pressure & mole fractions of a gas

in a mixture

To point out the kinetic theory of an ideal gas


To explain how & why a real gas is different from an ideal

gas

Learning outcomes
3

students will be able to


Solve quantitative problems related to define Boyles law,

Charles law, combined gas law, Avogadro Law, ideal gas


law, calculate the partial pressure & mole fractions of a gas
in a mixture, solve stoichiometry problems involving gas
volumes
Solve the qualitative problems related to define pressure,

kinetic theory of an ideal gas, why a real gas is different


from an ideal gas

5.1 Gas pressure and its measurement


4

Pressure :
The force exerted per unit area.

F
P
A

The SI unit for pressure


is the pascal, Pa.

kg m
s 2 kg
m2
m s2
Pa (pascal)

Gas pressure -exercise

Gas pressure -exercise


6

[1]The pressure of a gas in a flask is measured to be 797.7 mmHg. What


is this pressure in pascals and atmospheres?

[2] The barometric pressure measured outside an airplane at


9 km was 259 mmHg. Calculate the pressure in kPa.

A barometer is a device
for measuring the pressure of the
atmosphere.

A manometer is a device
for measuring the pressure of a gas or
liquid in a vessel.

5.2 Empirical Gas Laws


8

Boyles Law
The volume of a sample of gas at constant temperature
varies inversely with the applied pressure.
The mathematical relationship:
In equation form: PV constant
PiVi PfVf

1
P

Boyles Law -Exercise


9

[1] A volume of oxygen gas occupies 38.7 mL at 751 mmHg and 21C.
What is the volume if the pressure changes to 359 mmHg while the
temperature remains constant?

[2] You have a cylinder of argon gas at 19.8 atm pressure at 19C. The
volume of argon in the cylinder is 50 L. What would be the volume of this
gas if you allowed it to expand to the pressure of the surrounding air
(0.974 atm)? Assume the temperature remains constant.

[3] You fill a balloon with helium gas to a volume of 2.68 L at 23C and 789
mmHg. Now you release the balloon. What would be the volume of helium if
its pressure changed to 632 mmHg but the temperature were unchanged?
10

Charless Law

11

The volume of a sample of gas at constant pressure is


directly proportional to the absolute temperature (K).
The mathematical relationship:
In equation form:
V
constant
T
Vi Vf

Ti T f

V T

Charless Law -Exercise


12

[1]You prepared carbon dioxide by adding HCl(aq) to CaCO3. According


to your calculations, you should obtain 79.4 mL of CO2 at 0C and 760
mmHg. How many milliliters of gas would you obtain at 27C?

[2] A mole of gas at 0C and 760 mmHg occupies 22.41 L. What is the
volume at 20C and 760 mmHg?

[3] Helium gas at 22C and 1 atm occupied a vessel whose volume was
2.54 L. At a pressure of 1atm, What volume would this gas occupy if it
were cooled to liquid-nitrogen temperature (-197C)?
13

Combined Gas Law


14

The volume of a sample of gas at constant pressure is


inversely proportional to the pressure and directly
proportional to the absolute temperature.
The mathematical relationship:
PV
In equation form:
constant
T
PiVi PfVf

Ti
Tf

T
P

Combined Gas Law -Exercise


15

Divers
working from a North Sea drilling platform experience pressure of

5.0 101 atm at a depth of 5.0 102 m. If a balloon is inflated to a volume


of 5 L (the volume of the lung) at that depth at a water temperature of
4C, what would the volume of the balloon be on the surface (1 atm
pressure) at a temperature of 11C?

Avogadros Law

16

Equal volumes of any two gases at the same temperature


and pressure contain the same number of molecules.

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)


The reference condition for gases, chosen by convention
to be exactly 0C and 1 atm pressure.
The molar volume, Vm, of a gas at STP is 22.4 L/mol.

5.3 The ideal gas law


17

Ideal Gas Law


The ideal gas law is given
by the equation
PV=nRT
The molar gas constant,

R, is the constant of
proportionality that
relates the molar volume
of a gas to T/P

The ideal gas law -Exercise


18

[1] A 50L cylinder of nitrogen has a pressure of 17.1 atm at


23C. What is the mass of nitrogen in the cylinder?

[2] According to your calculations, a reaction should yield 5.67 g of


oxygen. What do you expect the volume to be at 23C and 0.985 atm?

[3] An experiment calls for 3.5 mol of chlorine. What


volume will this be if the gas volume is measured at 34C and 4 atm?
19

[4] In an experiment, you fill a heavy-walled 5L flask with methane gas. If


the flask contains 7.13 g of methane at 19C, what is the gas pressure?

Gas Density and Molar Mass


Using the ideal gas law, it is possible to calculate the moles in 1 L

at a given temperature and pressure.


The number of moles can
20
then be converted to grams (per liter).

To find molar mass, find the moles of gas, and then find the

ratio of mass to moles.


In equation form:

PM m
d
RT

or

Mm

dRT

Gas Density -Exercise


21

What is the density of methane gas, at 125C and 3.5 atm?


[1]

5.4 Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas volumes


22

Use the ideal gas law to find moles from a given volume,

pressure, and temperature, and vice versa.

Exercise
[1] When a 2L bottle of concentrated HCl was spilled,
1.2 kg of CaCO3 was required to neutralize the spill.
What volume of CO2 was released by the neutralization
at 735 mmHg and 20C?

[2] CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l ) Ca(OH)2(aq) + C2H2(g)


Calculate the volume (in liters) of acetylene produced at 26C and 684
mmHg from 0.05 mol CaC2 and excess H2O.
23

[3] Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)


Calculate the volume (in liters) of hydrogen produced at 33C
and 665 mmHg from 0.084 mol Mg and excess HCl.

5.5 Gas mixtures: Law of Partial Pressures

Originally (left), flask A contains He at 152 mmHg and flask B


contains H2 at 608 mmHg. Flask A
24is then filled with oil forcing the
He into flask B (right). The new pressure in flask B is 760 mmHg.

Partial Pressure
The pressure exerted (used) by a particular gas in a mixture.
He at 152 mmHg
H2 at 608 mmHg

25

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures


The sum of the partial pressures of all the different gases in a mixture is
equal to the total pressure of the mixture:

P = P A + P B + PC + . . .
Total pressure=760 mmHg

Law of Partial Pressures -Exercise


26

[1] A 100mL sample of air exhaled from the lungs is


analyzed and found to contain 0.083g N2, 0.0194 g O2,
0.0064 g CO2, and 0.00441 g water vapor at 35C.
What is the partial pressure of each component and
the total pressure of the sample?

[2] Calculate the total pressure (in atm) of a mixture of 0.0300 mol of
helium and 0.02 mol of oxygen in a 4L flask at 20C. Assume ideal gas
behavior.
27

[3] Calculate the total pressure (in atm) of a mixture of 0.02 mol of helium
and 0.01 mol of hydrogen in a 2.5L flask at 10C. Assume ideal gas
behavior.

5.6 Kinetic theory of an ideal gas


28

1.

Gases are composed of molecules whose sizes are negligible.

2.

Molecules move randomly in straight lines in all directions and at


various speeds.

3.

The forces of attraction or repulsion between two molecules in a gas


are very weak or negligible, except when the molecules collide.

4.

When molecules collide with each other, the collisions are elastic.

5.

The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the


absolute temperature.

5.7 Molecular speeds; diffusion and effusion

29

Diffusion:
a gas spreads out through
another gas to occupy the
space uniformly.

Effusion:
The process by which a gas flows through a small hole in a
container.
30

5.8 Real gases


31 between pressure and
At high pressure the relationship
volume does not follow Boyles law.

The volume of a sample of gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the
applied pressure

At high pressure, some of the assumptions of the kinetic theory no longer


hold true:
1.

32

At high pressure, the volume of the gas molecule (Postulate 1) is not


negligible.

2. At high pressure, the intermolecular forces (Postulate 3) are not


negligible.
Low pressure: the volume of
molecules is small fraction of the
total volume & can be ignored
Intermolecular forces are weak
High pressure:
The volume of molecules is a
significant fractions of the total
volume & cannot be ignored. The
ideal gas law is no longer a good
approximation

Checking outcomes
33
To define pressure and its units
To use Boyles law, Charles law, combined gas law, Avogadro

Law & ideal gas law

To solve stoichiometry problems involving gas volumes


To calculate the partial pressure & mole fractions of a gas in

a mixture

To point out the kinetic theory of an ideal gas


To explain how & why a real gas is different from an ideal gas

THANK YOU

You might also like