4/2/15

NGN NG HC I
CHIU
Dnh cho sinh vin ngoi ng

I TNG CA NNHC?

4/2/15

NNHC xc nh nhng tng ng v

d bit gia hai hay nhiu NN.
Qua , NNHC l thuyt ha nhng
khc bit v tng ng gia hai hay
hn hai ngn ng v xc nh phng
php i chiu.

I. KHI NIM NGN NG HC I

CHIU

4/2/15

CU TRC MN HC

II: C S V PHM VI I CHIU

III: PHNG PHP I CHIU
3

I. D LP: 15%

4/2/15

NH GI

II: GIA K: 30%

III: CUI K: 65%
4

4/2/15

1. Dn nhp

Nghin cu i chiu (Contrastive

Studies ) = So snh hai ngn ng c tnh h
thng
Ngn ng hc i chiu (Contrastive
Linguistics) = Lnh vc so snh lin ngn
ng vi trng tm l nghin cu l thuyt
v phng php so snh
Phn tch i chiu (Contrastive Analysis)
= NCC hoc NNHC (theo ngha rng)
= Bc th ba trong NCC c in (theo
ngha hp): (1) miu t, (2) xc nh ci c
th i chiu, v (3) so snh

4/2/15

A. Thut ng

Trong lch s:
Cho n cui th k XX: NCC ch yu
phc v mc ch s phm.
Cui th k XX: Quan tm n l thuyt
v phng php lun.

Hin nay NCC c thc hin nhm

h tr mt s l thuyt = nhn mnh
gi tr ng dng ca NCC
pht trin NCC = pht trin l
thuyt & phng php NCC

4/2/15

B. Nghin cu i chiu:
Qu kh v hin ti

C. Hai hng tip cn NCC

(Fisiak 1981)
ng dng

Xc nh tt c nhng
khc bit v ging
nhau gia cc ngn
ng khc nhau.

Xc nh nhng khc
bit v ging nhau
nhm phc v mt
mc ch c th.

Xc nh yu t no
c th so snh v so
snh bng cch no.

Dn n nhng khm
ph trn phng din
l thuyt i chiu. 8

4/2/15

L thuyt

4/2/15

2. Ngn ng hc i
chiu

A. Mc ch ca NNHC

Vic miu t c tnh h thng L1 v

L2 phc v cho cng tc bin phin
dch
Cung cp m hnh ng php i
chiu cho vic x l ngn ng t
nhin

4/2/15

Xc nh tng ng v d bit gia

L1 v L2 c li cho ngi hc L2

10

A. Mc ch ca NNHC (tip)

Cung cp m hnh so snh thch hp vi

nhng NN lin quan, xc nh yu t no
c th so snh v phng php so snh;
Xc nh nhng khi nim nh tng
ng (congruence), tng ng
(equivalence), tng ng
(correspondence)...,

4/2/15

Gii thch bao qut nhng khc bit v

tng ng gia hai hay hn hai NN;

11

 NNH so snh lch s (Comparative

historical linguistics):
Xc nh ngun gc chung ca cc ngn
ng
Nghin cu lch i
NNH so snh loi hnh (Comparative
typological linguistics):
Nhm cc ngn ng theo cc c trng
chung
Nghin cu ng i

4/2/15

B. Cc hng nghin cu NNHC

12

 NNHC khng phn loi (Contrastive

(non-classificational) Linguistics):
Ghi nhn v miu t nhng tng
ng v d bit gia cc ngn ng
Khng phn nhm cc ngn ng so
snh

4/2/15

B. Cc hng nghin cu NNHC

(tip)

13

Khi nim Tertium

Comparationis

4/2/15

3. C s nghin cu i
chiu

Phn loi nghin cu i

chiu

14

 Bt k s so snh no cng gi nh
nhng s vt c so snh u c g
ging nhau, qua nhng khc bit
c xc nh.

4/2/15

A. Khi nim Tertium

comparationis

C s tham chiu chung ny c

gi l tertium comparationis (TC).
TC = c s so snh
15

A. Khi nim Tertium

comparationis (tip)
Hai hay hn hai vt th bt k c th
4/2/15

c so snh v nhiu c trng khc

nhau.

nhng vt th c so snh c th

ging nhau nhng phng din ny,

song li khc
khc.

nhau nhng phng din

16

A. Khi nim Tertium

comparationis (tip)
cng to ra mt yu t xc nh trong
vic xc lp nhng tng ng v

4/2/15

Vi so snh xuyn NN, vic la chn TC

nhng khc bit gia cc hin tng

c so snh (Lipinska 1975, Fisiak et
al 1978).
17

 NN l mt cu trc tng bc phc tp,

hnh chc tng cp khc nhau ca
h thng.

4/2/15

A. Khi nim Tertium

comparationis (tip)

TC c la chn v kiu loi tng

ng lin quan nhiu loi nghin
cu i chiu khc nhau.

18

A. Khi nim Tertium

comparationis (tip)

V mt l thuyt, c hai loi TC: (1) tng

ng hnh thc v (2) tng ng ng
ngha (Lado 1957, Spalatin 1969, Ivir 1969,
1970).
Hin nay cc nghin cu i chiu a dng
hai TC ny khng phi l nhng TC duy nht
c s dng.

4/2/15

Phn loi cc nghin cu i chiu da trn

phn loi cc TC lin quan.

19

 Tng ng hnh thc v tng ng ng

ngha c dng nh TC trong nghin cu
i chiu c php v t vng.

4/2/15

A. Khi nim Tertium

comparationis (tip)

Nhng NCC trong m v hc, ng dng, ngn

ng hc x hibuc phi c nhng TC khc.
Tuy nhin, ch s ging nhau v hnh thc
khng th c dng lm TC nu khng c
tng ng ng ngha (Liston 1970, Lipinska
& Grzegorek 1971).

20

 Mt s so snh ch da trn tiu ch hnh thc l

mt s so snh khng hon chnh, hoc khng
th thc hin c v trong nhiu trng hp
n dn n nhiu sai lm (Spalatin 1969).

4/2/15

A. Khi nim Tertium

comparationis (tip)

So snh hnh thi Present Perfect ting Anh v

hnh thi Pass compos ting Php:

Present perfect: to have + past participle

Pass compos: Avoir/tre + participe pass
21

 Nhn xt:
Vic phn tch da trn hnh thc l khng
chnh xc v s ging nhau v hnh thc
khng khp, t nht l vi s ging nhau v
ng ngha.
H qu: iu ny thng gy ra nhiu vn
lin quan n vic dy v hc nhng hnh
thi v t ny (Politzer 1968).
Vic phn tch i chiu ch da trn hnh
thc khng tha ng v mt l lun v thc
tin.

4/2/15

A. Khi nim Tertium comparationis

(tip)

22

A. Khi nim Tertium

comparationis (tip)

Trong thc t i chiu, tng ng ng

ngha (semantic equivalence) thng c
ng nht mt cch nhm ln vi tng
ng dch thut (translation equivalence).
Tng ng ng ngha trong NCC phi
gn vi hnh thc, trong khi tng ng dch
thut c th hoc khng ph thuc vo hnh
thc.

4/2/15

Phn tch i chiu da trn tiu ch ng ngha

cng khng tha ng v khng chnh xc.

23

Cc loi Tertium comparationis

Trong thc t i chiu, tng ng ng

ngha (semantic equivalence) thng c
ng nht mt cch nhm ln vi tng
ng dch thut (translation equivalence).
Tng ng ng ngha trong NCC phi
gn vi hnh thc, trong khi tng ng dch
thut c th hoc khng ph thuc vo hnh
thc.

4/2/15

Phn tch i chiu da trn tiu ch ng ngha

cng khng tha ng v khng chnh xc.

24

B. Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

4/2/15

NCC c th phn loi da trn nhng

tiu ch khc nhau.
Fisiak (1978):
Mc ch v phng
php NCC
NCC l
thuyt

NCC ng
dng
25

B. Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

Kho st cch thc biu th ca mt

phm tr c th ca NN A trong NN B.

4/2/15

NCC ng dng

NCC l thuyt
Tm kim s th hin ca mt phm
tr ph

qut X trong c NN A v NN B.

26

B. Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

Da trn s lng phn la parole / la
4/2/15

langue ca F. Saussure, Krzeszowski

(1990) phn bit:
La parole

La langue

NCC trong phm

vi vn bn

NCC trong phm

vi h thng
27

Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

NCC trong phm vi vn bn
4/2/15

(Text-bound contrastive studies)

So snh vn bn trong hai (hoc hn

hai) ngn ng, nhng khng vt qua
phm vi nhng vn bn khi qut
v ng php, tc l cc nguyn tc v h
thng cu thnh nhng vn bn .
28

 NCC trong phm vi h thng v

NCC trong phm vi vn bn c mi
quan h ging vi mi quan h gia
nghin cu ngn ng v nghin cu
vn bn.
Nhng nghin cu nh vy phi vt ra
khi phm vi ng liu s cp thu c t
cc vn bn nhm nm bt v a ra
nhng m hnh khi qut ha cc kha
cnh khc nhau ca nhng ngn ng c
so snh.

4/2/15

Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

29

Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

text ch bt k cp vn bn no, ni
hoc vit, trong hai ngn ng, c dng

4/2/15

Krzeszowski (1990) a ra khi nim 2-

lm c liu NCC.
Mi cp vn bn c th c miu t
theo dng i lp cp i : [translation]
(vit tt [trans].

30

Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

mt kiu TC. Bn trong mi loi hnh TC,
c th phn chia TC thnh cc tiu loi

4/2/15

Mi loi hnh nghin cu i chiu c

c tnh duy nht bn trong mi loi hnh

TC. Mi loi TC u quan h vi mi kiu
tng ng c th.
31

Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

vn bn c th bao gm c cc nghin
cu so snh mang tnh thng k, hai

4/2/15

Cc nghin cu i chiu trong phm vi

vn bn lin quan khng nht thit phi

c thuc tnh [+trans].
Tuy nhin, trnh vic so snh nhng
ci bt kh so snh, ngi ta phi xc
lp TC (v vy xc nh c kiu tng

32

 TC s hn ch loi vn bn (the class of

texts) c th c so snh:

4/2/15

Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

Cc vn bn buc phi to thnh mt

cp i vn bn c th, c vit vi
cng mt phong cch hoc t nht l
cng cp n mt ch , hoc
cng thuc mt th loi vn chng.

33

 Hai vn bn c so snh c thuc tnh

[+trans] khng cn phi b sung
nhng yu cu khc. (Tng ng dch
thut)

4/2/15

Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

Hai vn bn c so snh c thuc tnh

[-trans] phi b sung cc TC khc
c th so snh. (Tng ng thng k)
34

 So snh:
-Take care!
Bo trng!
Cho nh!

4/2/15

Phn loi nghin cu i chiu

- Where can I get the train ticket?

- Ti c th mua v xe la u?
- V xe la bn u?
35

Tng ng hnh
thc

Tng ng dch
Tng ng ng
ngha
Tng ng ng
dng

Tng ng thng
k
Tng ng h
thng
Tng ng bn
th

4/2/15

Krzeszowski a ra by loi tng

ng c th dng lm TC:

36

 Cc loi tng ng c th dng

lm
TC:ng hnh
Tng
Tng ng thng k

4/2/15

thc

Tng ng dch
Tng ng ng ngha
Tng ng ng dng
37

C s nghin cu i chiu
(Formal

correspondence):

- Trt t t (word order)

4/2/15

1. Tng ng hnh thc

- H t/T chc nng (function words)

- Bin t (inflections)
- Ph t (affixation)
- Cu trc cu (sentence struture)
38

C s nghin cu i chiu
s dng v s tng ng hnh thc ca
cc phng tin trong hai ngn ng t

4/2/15

Tng ng hnh thc hu nh t c

thn khng c xem l TC.

So snh cc hnh thc t thn khng c
ngha, tr khi hai hnh thc biu t
c mt chc nng no c th so
snh c vi nhau.

39

C s nghin cu i chiu
c dng lm TC trong NCC ng
m: so snh phng thc v im cu

4/2/15

Tng ng hnh thc ch c th

m.

40

C s nghin cu i chiu
Hai n v NN trong hai hay hn hai ngn

4/2/15

2. Tng ng thng k:

ng c so snh tng ng v mt
thng k:
- Nu xut hin nh l bn dch ca nhau
vi tn sut cao nht.
- So vi cc kt cu ng ngha khc, hai
n v ny c tn sut xut hin ging

41

C s nghin cu i chiu
- Ngha ca t (meaning of words)

4/2/15

3. Tng ng ng ngha

- Ngha ca ng on (meaning of
phrases)
-Ngha ca cu (meaning of
sentences)
42

C s nghin cu i chiu
TC trong NCC t vng.

4/2/15

Tng ng ngha l c s xc lp

Cc nt ngha c tnh ph qut c

xem l TC trong NCC t vng.
V d: t ch hoc t em so snh vi
sister
43

C s nghin cu i chiu
tng ng gia nhng ci c ni:

4/2/15

cp cu, tng ng ngha =

V d:
- Ngu tm ngu, m tm m.
- Qui se ressemble, sassemble.
- Birds of a feather flock together.

44

C s nghin cu i chiu
A good wine needs no bush.

4/2/15

Hu x t nhin hng

A bon vin point d'enseigne.

45

C s nghin cu i chiu
Kiu tng ng c s dng rng ri

4/2/15

3. Tng ng dch

trong NCC
Tng ng dch = quan h gia cc
biu thc NN, trong biu thc ny l
chuyn dch ca biu thc kia.
Tng ng dch chu s chi phi ca
ng cnh.

46

C s nghin cu i chiu
Tng ng dch = s ti to cng mt

4/2/15

3. Tng ng dch

thng ip trong mt ngn ng khc.

Tng ng v phong cch gia vn
bn ngun v vn bn ch.
Tng ng dch = tng ng ngha
+ ng cnh

47

C s nghin cu i chiu
3. Tng ng dch
(Anh)

4/2/15

V d 1: Take one

Tng ng hnh thc: Prenez-en un

Tng ng dch: chantillon gratuit
(Php)
V d 2: Take away Pizza
Pizza mang i

(Anh)

(mua mang i)

48

C s nghin cu i chiu
Tng ng v tc ng ca vn bn i

4/2/15

3. Tng ng dch

vi ngi c trong hai ngn ng ging

nhau. (Nida 1964)

49

4. Tng ng ng dng
= Tng ng chc nng
Tng ng ng dng xoay quanh hai
phm tr c bn ca ng dng:
- Hnh ng ngn t
- Hm ngn
Hai vn bn trong hai NN khc nhau to
ra nhng phn ng nhn thc ging
nhau nhng ngi tip nhn nhng
vn bn ny.

4/2/15

C s nghin cu i chiu

50

Tng ng ng dng

ng ngn t Tng ng ng dng.

4/2/15

Hai biu thc ngn ng c cng hnh

So snh: Could you pass me the salt,

please?
! a l mui y coi!

51

Tng ng ng dng

s, cc ch t tnh thi Cc yu t ng
cnh bao gm chu cnh hi thoi, kiu

4/2/15

Cc yu t ng dng bao gm php lch

loi din ngn v thng tin nn thc t,

cc yu t vn ha-x hi bao gm
quan h vai, khong cch, knh giao tip
v bi cnh vn ha.
52

php d cho cc thuc tnh t vng

khng ph ng, ni v mt tng

4/2/15

Ngi ta c th ni n tng ng c

ng ng dng khi hai cu trc to

ra cng mt hiu qu xuyn ngn
(the same perlocutionary effect) bt
chp cc thuc tnh c php v t vng.
53

 Xc lp TC trong NCC ng dng rt

phc tp: Xc lp TC trong NCC ng
dng

4/2/15

dng phi da trn tng ng ng

Tng ng ng dng = Tng ng

dch gn vi ng cnh.
Trong trng hp ny, tng ng dch
s khng c tng ng ngha c
php.

54

 Nguyn tc 1:
Cc phng tin trong hai ngn ng i
chiu phi c miu t y , chnh
xc v su sc.

4/2/15

Cc nguyn tc i chiu

tm ra s ging nhau v s khc nhau

gia cc phng tin .

55

 Nguyn tc 2:
Cc phng tin ngn ng phi c
miu t trong h thng.

4/2/15

Cc nguyn tc i chiu

V d: khi so snh ti v Je (I, Ich,

Yo),
Ta phi t trong h thng cc phng
tin ch vai giao tip.
56

 Nguyn tc 3:
Cc phng tin ngn ng phi khng ch
c miu t trong h thng ngn
ng m cn trong hot ng giao tip.
V d: So snh i t ngi th ba trong ting
Php v ting Anh:
Il/Elle He/She/It
h thng NN
Phi miu t cch s dng ca nhng i t
ny.

4/2/15

Cc nguyn tc i chiu

57

 Nguyn tc 4:
Bo m tnh nht qun trong vic vn
dng cc khi nim v m hnh l thuyt
miu t cc ngn ng c i chiu.

4/2/15

Cc nguyn tc i chiu

S dng khi nim c th ph hp miu

t v khi nim phi c hiu cng mt
cch.
S dng cng mt khung l thuyt.
58

 Nguyn tc 5:
Phi ch n c trng loi hnh gia
cc ngn ng cn i chiu c cch
tip cn ph hp.

4/2/15

Cc nguyn tc i chiu

Cc yu t vn ha, lch s, x hi,

chnh trcn c tnh n khi i
chiu bnh
din t vng hay ng
dng.
59

4/2/15

Phng php i chiu

Cc bc i chiu

60

Cc bc i chiu

2. Xc nh i tng c th i
chiu
(Juxtaposition)

4/2/15

1. Miu t (Description)

3. i chiu (Comparison)
61

 Trc khi so snh, ngi ta cn phi

tin hnh miu t cc yu t cn so
snh. V vy, bt k NCC no cng
phi miu t mt cch c lp nhng
n v lin quan ca cc ngn ng
c so snh.
i hi c bn (vi vic miu t ny) l
vic miu t phi c thc hin trong
cng mt khung l thuyt.

4/2/15

Miu t

62

 Khng th miu t mt ngn ng theo

l thuyt to sinh, cn ngn ng kia
theo l thuyt ng php quan h, ri
tin hnh so snh hai ngn ng. Kt
qu c c t nhng miu t nh vy
khng thch hp v khng th so snh.
Khng phi m hnh ngn ng no
cng thch hp dng lm c s so
snh xuyn ngn ng.

4/2/15

Miu t

63

 y l bc quan trng trong vic so

snh ci g vi ci g.
Juxtaposition da trn kh nng song
ng ca ngi nghin cu. Da trn
trc gic song ng, nh nghin cu xc
nh s tng ng gia yu t X
trong L1 v yu t Y trong L2.
Nu gia X v Y tng ng t thn
so snh c.

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

64

 V d:
1. I didnt go to bed until 11 oclock last
ngiht.
2. m qua 11 gi ti mi i ng.

Ngi song ng Anh-Vit d dng xc nh

(1) v (2) l cp i tng ng.
R rng, vic (1) v (2) c xem l
tng ng c th so snh hon ton
da trn trc gic.

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

65

 Tuy nhin, bc tip cn theo cch ny

khng theo bt k nguyn tc no lm
c s cho quyt nh yu t no so
snh c v ti sao nh vy.
Vic i chiu sa vo s lun qun: s
ging nhau c tin gi nh trc
khi thao tc so snh mang li kt qu
khng nh s ging nhau .

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

66

 S tng ng hnh thc (cu trc b

mt) tri ngc vi s khc bit v ngha
n mc so snh da trn hnh thc l
iu v l.
3. I said to be sure.
4. Jai dit tre sur(e) (= I said I was sure)
Hnh thc c th ging nhau, nhng (3)
v (4) hon ton khc nhau v ng ngha.

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

67

 Do , (3) v (4) khng th so snh v

khng c chung mt TC c php ng
ngha.
Ng php to sinh i chiu (CGG) cung
cp m hnh ngn ng gii thch r
rng kh nng song ng dng lm c
s cho cc nh gi trc gic ca nh
nghin cu song ng.

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

68

 Cu hay kt cu tng ng l cu hay kt

cu c cu trc ng ngha u vo ging nhau,
mc d trn cu trc b mt l khc nhau.

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

S ging nhau v cu trc ng ngha u vo

ny mi l c s nhm l gii mt phn trc
gic ca ngi song ng trong vic quyt nh
n v no trong hai ngn ng l tng ng.
69

 Kh nng nhn din cc n v tng

ng trong hai ngn ng to thnh mt
phn kh nng song ng ca mt ngi.

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

Cu trc ng ngha u vo mi l c
s xc nh s tng ng ca hai n
v bt k trong hai ngn ng c so
snh.
70

 S tng ng (congruence) c xem

l mi quan h gia cc cu/kt cu
tng ng trong hai ngn ng.

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

Nhng cu/kt cu tng ng ny bao

gm mt s lng cc thnh t
(formatives) tng ng nh nhau xut
hin trong cng mt trt t.
71

 Vi nhng cu/kt cu phi sinh, tt c

cu/kt cu phi sinh u tng ng
mt cp no ca qu trnh phi sinh. So
snh:

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

4. John is always late.

5. John lc no cng (n) tr.
(4) V (5) l hai cu tng ng nhng khc
nhau cp thnh t to cu (categorial
components).

72

6. He was asked a lot of questions.

7. Beaucoup de questions lui ont t
poses.

4/2/15

Xc nh i tng i chiu

Hai cu phi sinh t mt cu trc su

ging nhau:
Somebody asked him a lot of questions.
On lui a pos beaucoup de questions.
73

So snh
Ba lnh vc so snh c bn:
a. So snh cc h thng tng ng
khc nhau xuyn ngn ng:

So snh h thng i t, mo t, v t v
trong m v hc, so snh h thng ph m,
nguyn m, cng nh cc tiu h thng nh
m mi, ph m bn ,v.v. tu thuc vo mc
tinh t (delicacy) ca ng php.

So snh
b. So snh cc kt cu tng ng:
So snh cu nghi vn, mnh quan h,
cu ph nhv trong m v hc nhm
ph m, m tit, cc nguyn m i v
s phn b khc nhau ca cc m

So snh
c. So snh cc quy tc tng ng:
(trong nhng m hnh ngn ng m khi nim quy
tc xut hin)
So snh khi nim ch ng xut hin trong kiu cu
lng, s phn b tnh t, o ch ng trong cu nghi
vn, b ng ha v trong m v hc l cc khi
nim nh ng ha, d ha, o m (metathesis)
(xem Sussex 1976).

So snh
Khi so snh, mt trong ba tnh hung sau c th xy ra:
XLi = XLj (a)
n v X trong Li c th ging mt s thuc tnh no vi
n v tng ng ca n trong Lj.
XLi XLj (b)
n v X trong Li c th khc mt s thuc tnh no vi
n v tng ng ca n trong Lj.
XLi = Lj (c)
n v X trong Li khng c tng ng trong Lj.

So snh
Trong so snh xuyn ngn ng, khi nim
tng ng lun c tnh cht tng i.
Cc n v c so snh ch c th ging
nhau mt hay mt vi thuc tnh no
c la chn.
H thng s ca danh t trong ting Anh,
ting Php, ting Ba Lan cng nh mt s th
ting chu u khc, ch ging nhau mt
thuc tnh, l phm tr s trong tt c
nhng ngn ng ny u da trn s i lp
gia s n v s phc.

So snh
Trong so snh xuyn ngn ng, khi nim
tng ng lun c tnh cht tng i.
Cc n v c so snh ch c th ging
nhau mt hay mt vi thuc tnh no
c la chn.
H thng s ca danh t trong ting Anh,
ting Php, ting Ba Lan cng nh mt s th
ting chu u khc, ch ging nhau mt
thuc tnh, l phm tr s trong tt c
nhng ngn ng ny u da trn s i lp
gia s n v s phc.

So snh
Ting Hy Lp c, ting Phn, ting
Lithuania, v mt vi ngn ng khc phm
tr s c thm s i (dual number) dng
ch nhng s vt kt i, thng ch
nhng b phn cp i ca c th (i
mt, i tay, i chn).
Mt s ngn ng c phm tr s c chia
thnh s n, s t v s nhiu nh cc
ngn ng Melanesia, Sanir, ngn ng Ty
Indonesia(Hjelmslev 1961 v Hockett
1958).

So snh
Trong ting Vit, ting Trung Quc, danh t
khng c bin t nh du s nhiu, khi
nim ny, nu cn, thng c nh du
bng s t v lng t.
i lp vi bt k ngn ng no c danh
t c nh du bng bin t, ting Vit,
ting TQ biu th kh nng th ba, c
phn bit trn, theo khng c hnh
thi tng ng no c xc nhn.

So snh
So snh kt cu, cng c ba kh nng:
Mt kt cu tng ng c th ging
hoc khc mt s kha cnh no ,
hoc hon ton khng tng ng.
So snh kt cu b ng:
(1) Anh: The song was first recorded by Maria
Callas.
(2) Php: Pour la 1re fois la chanson a t
enregistre par Mari Callas.
(3): La canzone fu registrata da Maria Callas
prima.

So snh
Nhn xt 1:
Kt cu ny trong nhng ngn ng va k
ging nhau ch kt cu ny bao gm
mt tr ng t, thng tng ng vi
be, c hnh thi qu kh phn t ca
v t chuyn tc theo sau.
Nhn xt 2:
Mt khc, kt cu b ng trong nhng
ngn ng ny li khc nhau. Chng hn,
ting Php c h thng chia ng t phc
tp, trong hai v t tng ng vi

So snh
Nezumi wa Torako ni taberaremasen
deshita.
The mouse was not eaten by Torako.
Nhn xt 3:
Kt cu b ng trong ting Nht so vi
ting Anh minh ha cho trng hp (b),
theo , mt n v trong ngn ng
khc vi n v tng ng vi n
trong ngn ng khc mt s c
trng.

So snh
Trng hp (c) din ra khi chng ta so snh
kt cu b ng ting Anh vi cc cu tng
ng trong ting Surinam v ting Basque.
Trong nhng ngn ng ny, khng c s phn
bit hnh thc gia v t chuyn tc v v t
phi chuyn tc, v v vy, khng c s phn
bit gia kt cu b ng v kt cu ch
ng.
NCC phi ch ra nhng phng tin khc
c s dng chuyn ti ni dung ng ngha
ca cu b ng.

So snh
Trong khung ngn ng l thuyt khi nim quy tc
c s dng, ngi ta c th so snh cc quy
tc.
Cng nh trong trng hp so snh h thng v
kt cu, ngi ta cng ghi nhn ba kh nng
khc nhau.
Mt quy tc ca mt ngn ng mt s kha cnh
no ging vi quy tc tng ng trong mt
ngn ng khc, iu ny c ngha c hai quy tc
u c hiu lc vi ngun vo ging nhau (inputs)
v v vy c cng ngun ra (output).

So snh
V d, quy tc ch ng thuc c lm b
ng lng (embedded object clauses)
ting Php, ting Anh, v ting Vit
ging nhau:
1. I see Paul walk in the park.
2. Je vois Paul marcher dans le parc.
3. Ti thy Nam i b trong cng vin.

So snh
Hai quy tc tng ng nu hai quy tc ny
c cng hiu lc i vi ngun ng liu
u vo v to ra u ra ging nhau, c th
ni hai quy tc ny tng ng (Marton 1968).
Chng hn, vic chuyn thnh phn ch ng
thnh c ph (extraposition of subordinate
clause from the subject) trong ting Anh v
ting Php ging nhau:

So snh
That the wine turned to vinegar is no
surprise It is no surprise that the wine
turned to vinegar.
Que le vin se soit transform en vinaigre
nest pas surprenant Il nest pas
surprenant que le vin se soit transform
en vinaigre.

So snh
Do thiu mt TC r rng c biu th
mt cch khi qut (chng hn nh biu
hin ng ngha ca cc n v c so
snh), cc NCC c in in hnh phi
mang tnh nh hng:
Da trn cc mc tiu ca mt phn
tch i chiu c th, ngi ta bt u
bng vic so snh cc hnh thc ngn
ng trong ngn ng L1 v ph hp ha
chng so snh vi cc n v tng
ng trong ngn ng L2.

So snh
Hoc ngc li, ngi ta bt u bng
vic miu t cc hnh thi ngn ng
trong L2 v tm kim nhng tng ng
trong L1.
Gi nh mt NCC thu o bao gm
ng php hon chnh ca hai ngn ng
nht thit phi mang tnh song tuyn
(bi-directional).
Cc NCC nh hng in hnh c th
mang nhng tn gi nh {h thng

So snh
Cc tr v t tnh thi ting Anh v cc kt cu
tng ng trong ting Ba Lan (Kakietek 1980);
V mt vi thuc tnh ca danh ng hnh ng
trong ting Ba Lan v nhng tng ng trong
ting Anh(Lewandowska 1975);
Cu/t hu ting Anh v nhng tng ng
ca n trong ting Ba Lan (Oleksy 1977);
Nhng tng ng ca thi b ng ting Phn
Lan trong ting Anh (Kartunen 1977),v.v.

So snh
Xc lp cc TC ng ngha to ra kh nng
la chn cch tip cn thay th, l cch
la chn mt khi nim v kho st
nhng cch thc m khi nim ny
c thc hin trong cc phng tin
ng php khc nhau trong cc ngn
ng c so snh.

So snh
D thy nht l cc NCC c tn kiu
nh Cc cch thc biu t phm tr X
trong L1 v L2:
Cch biu t tng lai trong ting
Anh v ting Serbo-Croatia (Kalogjera
1971);
Cc cch biu t nguyn nhn trong
ting Anh v ting Ba Lan (Danilewisz
1982);
Cu mnh lnh trong ting Anh v

So snh
Khi ch ra phm vi ca NCC ng php
bao gm vic so snh h thng, kt
cu v quy tc, chng ta c mt c
s c th a ra mt b th php
chc nng tin hnh nghin cu.
Mt cch l tng, nhng th php ny
phi c kh nng thc hin mt cch t
ng.

So snh
Khi ch ra phm vi ca NCC ng php
bao gm vic so snh h thng, kt
cu v quy tc, chng ta c mt c
s c th a ra mt b th php
chc nng tin hnh nghin cu.
Mt cch l tng, nhng th php ny
phi c kh nng thc hin mt cch t
ng.

So snh
Bc u tin trong vic so snh h
thng l tch mt h thng trong L1, v
sau khi miu t h thng , chng ta
tm kim mt h thng tng ng
trong L2, vi iu kin phi c mt s
miu t ph hp sn c v h thng.

So snh
So snh h thng i t nhn xng ting Anh v ting
Php

H thng ting Anh bao gm:

I
You

We
You

He/She/It They

So snh
H thng tng ng trong ting Php nh
sau:
Je

Nous

Tu

Vous

Il/Elle

Ils/Elles

So snh
mt s kha cnh no , hai h thng
ny ging nhau:
- Hai h thng u phn bit cc i t
nhn xng ngi th nht, th hai v th
ba. S phn bit ng php ny da trn
s phn bit ng ngha gia ngi ni,
ngi nghe v phn cn li ca th gii.

So snh
- Ting Anh phn bit ging c, ging
ci v ging trung ca cc i t
ngi th ba.Ting Php ch i lp
ging c v ging ci.
- Phm tr ging khng c nh du
vi i t ngi th ba s nhiu, ngc
li s i lp ny c trong ting Php.

So snh
Tip theo, xc nh nhng khc bit gia
hai h thng:
- Cc i t ngi th hai trong ting Anh
khng phn bit s t v s nhiu you.
Tri li, ting Php c s i lp ny.

So snh
- Ting Anh phn bit ging c, ging
ci v ging trung ca cc i t
ngi th ba.Ting Php ch i lp
ging c v ging ci.
- Phm tr ging khng c nh du
vi i t ngi th ba s nhiu, ngc
li s i lp ny c trong ting Php.

So snh
Hn ch:
So snh h thng ch hu dng mt mc
nht nh; n khng mang la bt k
thng tin no v cch thc cc yu t
thuc nhng h thng ny hot ng
trong cu cu to hon chnh v v
tnh thch ng ca bn thn so snh h
thng trong nhng tnh hung giao tip

So snh
Hn ch:
Thiu nhng thng tin lin quan n
ng ngha v ng dng ca hai h
thng c so snh, NCC s thiu st
nghim trng.
Trc ht l nhng tng ng h
thng, xc lp trn c s so snh cc h
i v, t khi song hnh vi cc tng ng

So snh
Mc d c s tng ng v phm tr
ging gia He/She v Il/Elle, song nu
kho st nhng n v ny c s dng
khi thay th cc danh t, ngi ta nhn
thy s khc bit c bn v phm tr
ging:
Phm tr ging ting Anh l phm tr
ng ngha, da trn thuc tnh t nhin
ca i tng.

So snh
bit cc mo t c th so snh vi ci
g, chng ta phi nh n vic kho sc
cc kt cu tng ng v thng qua
nhng kt cu tng ng , chng ta
bit c ni dung ng ngha ca mo
t c biu t bng nhng cch thc
khc, nu c.

So snh
S phn bit ng ngha c bn m mo t
ting Anh biu th l s i lp gia xc
nh v bt nh .
a. H l loi n tht.
b. The/A tiger is a meat eater.
Thuc tnh xc nh v bt nh trong
ting Vit c biu th bng cc i t
xc nh v bt nh lm nh t cho cc

So snh
c. Ti c quyn sch y.
d. I read the book.

T. Krzeszowski (1990) phn bit 3 lnh

vc i chiu:

4/2/15

Phm vi i chiu

i chiu h thng
i chiu kt cu
i chiu quy tc

110

Phm vi i chiu c phn nh theo cc

nguyn tc sau:

4/2/15

Phm vi i chiu

i chiu cc phm tr ngn ng (thi,

th, xc nh hay khng xc nh, gings, a ngha, ng m, tri ngha...)
i chiu cu trc, h thng (cc c
im cu to m v, hnh v, t loi, c
php...)

111

 i chiu hnh chc (cc c im hnh

chc ca cc hin tng, phm tr ngn
ng trong gii hn cc cp )

4/2/15

Phm vi i chiu

i chiu phong cch (phong cch chc

nng ca cc ngn ng c i chiu )
i chiu tin trnh pht trin (lm
sng t cc quy lut pht trin v cc qu
trnh bin i trong ni b ngn ng c
nghin cu)

112