Chapter 7: Electricity

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

Electrostatics
Electricity
Electric Current, Voltage & Resistance
Relationship Between Current, Voltage &
Resistance
7.5 Parallel & Series Circuits
7.6 Magnetism
7.7 Electromagnetism

7.1 Electrostatics
(a) Charging by friction

Electrostatics the study of static electrical charges.

There are 2 types of electrical charges positive (+) &
negative (-).
A material when rubbed (digosok), may be +ve/-ve
charged according to the type of material it is made of.
+ve charges & -ve charges have the ability to attract or
repel other charges.
Charges of the same type (like charges) repel one
another.
Charges of different types (unlike charges) attract one
another.

(b) Production Of Static Electric Charges

Static electric charges can be produced on a

neutral object by rubbing it with a different material
like a woollen/silkcloth.
When 2 different materials are rubbed, electron
transfer occurs. One of the material receives
electrons & the other loses electrons.
The material that receives electrons becomes ve
charged (more elecrons than protons).
The material that loses electrons becomes +ve
charged (more protons than electrons)
An object is neutral (the number of +ve charges
(protons) = the number of ve charges(electrons))

Examples of materials that are easily charged are cellulose

acetate (+ve) & polythene (-ve).
The type of charge produced depends on the types of
material that are rubber together

Material positively charged

Material negatively charged

Glass

Silk cloth

Cellulose acetate

Silk cloth, woollen cloth

Silk cloth (kain sutera)

Hard rubber

Rubber (balloon)

Nylon

Woollen cloth (kain bulu)

Rubber (balloon), polythene

(politena)

Materials that are positively charged & negatively charged

(c) Everyday Phenomena Related To

Static
Charges
Electrical
Occurrence(kejadian) of lightning

Spark plug (Palam pencucuh)

Nylon clothes (pakaian nilon)
Combing hair
Electronic lighter (pemetik api elektronik)

(d) Safety Measures Related To Static

Electric Charges

Lightning conductor (Konduktor kilat)

Oil tanker (Lori tangki minyak)
Aeroplane (pesawat terbang)

7.2 Electricity
Electricity a form of energy
Sources of electrical energy:

solar cell (sel suria)

dry cell (sel kering/bateri)

wet cell (accumulator)

power generator

lithium iron battery

cadmium battery

Electric Current

Electric current/Arus elektrik ( I ) : the rate of

flow of electrons (kadar pengaliran cas-cas ve)

Voltage/Voltan ( V ): potential difference between

2 points/the electrical force needed to move
electrons between 2 points (Tenaga elektrik yg
diperlukan utk memblhkan elektron mengalir dr.
1 titik ke 1 titik yg lain).

Resistance/Rintangan ( R ): property of material

that prevents or resists the flow of electrons
through the material (Sifat bahan yang
menghalang pengaliran elektron).

The flow of electrical charges produces electric current

7.3 Electric Current, Voltage,

Resistance
Quantity

Unit

Tools to
measure

Electric current

Ampere (A)

Ammeter
(Connect in
series)

Voltage

Volt (V)

Voltmeter
(Connect in
parallel)

Resistance

Ohm ()

An ammeter must be connected in series with the electrical

sources/component

7.4 Relationship Between

Current, Voltage & Resistance
Ohms Law states that the current flowing

through a conductor is directly proportional

to its voltage.
Voltage (V)
Resistance () = --------------Current (A)
Voltage (V) = Electric current (A) x Resistance ()

7.5 Parallel & Series Circuits

- A complete circuit (litar lengkap) is a circuit
in which the swich is closed or on so that
the current can flow continuously.
Open circuit no current flows
Close circuit current flows
There are

2 types of electric circuit:

(a) Series circuit (Litar bersiri)
(b) Parallel circuit (Litar selari)

Symbols Of Electric Circuit Components

Circuit Component

Symbol

Use

Electric cell/series
cells/parallel cells

Electric sources that

supply electrical energy

Fuse

Melts when excess

current flows through it

Switch

Completes/breaks a
circuit

Bulb/lamp

Light up when current

flows through it

Fixed Resistor

Reduces current flows

Voltmeter

Measures voltage (V)

Variable resistor/rheostat

Controls current flow

Galvanometer
Ammeter
Earth connector

Detects current
Measures current (A)
Sends leaked (terbocor)
current to the earth

(a)

Series Circuit (Litar Bersiri)

(Draw Figure 7.12 o page 125)

Characteristics:
i) Current that flows through any point is the same
as the current flows in the circuit

I total = I1 = I2 = I3
ii) Voltage across the circuit is equal to the sum of
voltage across each resistor

V total = V1 + V2 + V3
iii) Total resistance, R, is equal to the sum of
resistance in each resistor

R total =R1 + R2 + R3
(Refer to Table 7.2 on page 129 in the textbook)

Advantages & Disadvantages Of

Series Circuit
Advantages
One switch control all
appliances /bulbs

Disadvantages
If a bulb is burnt, other
bulb will not light up

Supplies more power

V= V1 + V2 + V3

If more bulbs added, it will

become dimmer

Current increases when

num. of dry cell increases
I = I1 = I2 = I3

Current decreases if more

appliances/bulbs is
connected

All bulbs to light up with

the same brightness

Dry cell discharge quickly

(b) Parallel Circuit (Litar Selari)

Characteristics:
a) Total current is equal to the sum of current
passing through the components
I total = I1 + I2 + I3
b) Voltage across each component is the same as
voltage supplied by power source
V total = V1 = V2 = V3
c) Total resistance is less than the sum of
resistances of the components
1/Rtotal = 1/ R1 + 1/R2
(Refer to Table 7.2 on page 129 in the textbook)

Advantages & Disadvantages Of

Parallel Circuit
Advantages

Disadvantages

Bulbs can be controlled

separately.

Current produced is the

same as the current
produced by one cell

If one bulb is burnt, the

other bulbs still light up.

Not suitable for used in

large hall

The brightness of bulbs is

not affected even if more
bulbs added

The voltage doent +/- if

cells of the same type are
connected

Parallel cells last longer

7.6 Magnetism (Kemagnetan)

Magnetic Field
(Medan Magnet)
The region
around a magnet
In which the
magnetic effect
can be felt

Pattern & direction magnetic

field lines that can be
(a) Traced by using iron
filings
(a) Detected by using a
compass

The pattern & direction of magnetic field

7.7 Electromagnetism

When a conductor is connected to an

electric current, it can produce a
magnetic effect. The conductor
becomes an electromagnet.
Electromagnet refers to the magnetic
properties shown by an electromagnet.

 AAstraight
straight wire
wire carrying
carrying aa current
current has
has aa circular
circular
magnetic
magnetic field
field around
around it.
it.
The
The direction
direction of
of aa magnetic
magnetic field
field is
is determined
determined by
by the
the
Right
Right Hand
Hand Grip
Grip Rule.
Rule.
The

thumb points in the direction of the current

(positive to negative).

The four fingers show the direction of the

magnetic field.

current
thumb

direction of magnetic field

Right Hand Grip Rule

wire

magnetic field

Magnetic field around a straight wire

Magnetic field around a wire carrying electric current using right-hand grip rule

 AAcoil
coil of
of current-carrying
current-carryingwire
wireinduces
inducesaa magnetic
magnetic
field.
field.
The
Thecoil
coilwhich
whichcreates
createsaatype
type of
of electromagnet
electromagnet is
is
called
called aa solenoid
solenoid (wire
(wirecoil).
coil).
The
Thestrength
strengthof
ofmagnetic
magneticfield
field in
inan
an electromagnet
electromagnet can
can
be
beincreased
increasedby
by
(a)
(a) increasing
increasingthe
the number
numberof
ofturns
turns of
of the
thesolenoid
solenoid
(b)
(b) increasing
increasingthe
the electric
electriccurrent
current that
that flows
flows
(c)
(c) reducing
reducingthe
the diameter
diameter of
ofthe
thesolenoid
solenoid
Electromagnets
Electromagnetsare
areused
used in
in devices
deviceslike
like telephones,
telephones,
electromagnetic
electromagneticcranes
cranes(kren),
(kren),telegraph
telegraphmachines,
machines,
electric
electricbells
bells&&car
car horns.
horns.

magnetic
field

current flow

Magnetic field induced by a coil of current-carrying wire

 Current
Current induces
inducesaa magnetic
magneticfield
field in
in the
the
electromagnets
electromagnetsof
ofan
an electric
electricbell.
bell.
The
Thehammer
hammeris
is pulled
pulled up
up to
to strike
strikethe
thegong.
gong.
As
Asthe
thehammer
hammermoves,
moves,itit breaks
breaks the
thecircuit.
circuit.
ItItfalls
fallsback
backto
to its
itsoriginal
original position.
position.

electromagnets

make-and-break
circuit contact

An electric bell