Derivational and Inflection

PRESENT BY :
SITI NURHAYATI
147052018

 Derivation and inflection are two functional categories of

change in morphology (suffix, prefix)

Derivation and inflection involved in morphological

constructions. According Kridalaksana (1983, 92)

morphological construction is the formative constructive in
the world. It means that the formation or unit word may be
a single morpheme or combination of morphemes with
each other.

Bauer (1988:80) states that morphology can be

divided by two branches, derivational, and

inflectional morphology.
Inflection is a part of syntax because it completes

lexeme forms.
Derivation is a part of lexis because it provides new
lexemes.

The differences between derivational and

inflectional formation described by Nida (1985 :
269)
1) Derivational formation includes the same type with

singular word, such as : singer (N) (penyanyi) sing

(V) (menyanyi). Inflectional formation is not in the
same type of singular word.
2) Statistically, derivational affixes are more diverse,
for example, in English there are affixes to form
nouns: -er, -ment, -ion, -ation, -ness, etc.
inflectional affixes in English are less diverse (-s)

3) Derivational affixes can change the word class,

while inflectional affixes cannot
4) Derivational affixes have a limited distribution (e.g
derivational affix er is not always found in the
base verbs to form nouns), while inflectional affixes
have a wider distribution.
5) Derivational formation can be the foundation for
the subsequent words formation : sing (V)
singer (N) Singers (N), while inflectional
formation cannot.

No

Derivational Morpheme

Inflectional Morpheme

1.

Can change part of speech or

meaning.

Do not change part of speech or

meaning.

2.

Typically indicate semantic

relations within the word.

Typically indicate syntactic or semantic

relations between

3.

Typically occur with only some

members of a class of morphemes.

Typically occur with all members of a

of some large class of morphemes.

4.

Typically occur before inflectional

suffixes (and after inflectional
prefixes, though not in English).

Typically occur at the margins of

words.

5.

Instantiate a single category, which

may be complex , but never occurs
in paradigm.

Can instantiate categories that occur in

paradigmatic sets.

Table of Inflection Suffixes in English

No

Suffix

Grammatical Change

Example of
Base Word

Result

-s

Plural

dog

Dogs

-en

Plural (Irregular)

ox

Oxen

-s

3rd person singular present

like

He likes

-ed

Past tense / past participle

work

He worked
He has worked

-en

Past participle (Irregular)

eat

He has eaten

-ing

Continous / Progressive

sleep

He is sleeping

-er

Comparative

big

Bigger

-est

Superlative

Big

The biggest

Derivational Suffixes in English

NOUN
-ary, -aire : secretary
-an, ian, ician : electrician
-ance, ence : distance
-ee : employee
-hood : childhood
-er, ar, or : teacher
-ic : logic
-ion : action , relation
-ist : artist
-ment : enjoyment

ADJECTIVE
-full / -less : beautiful
-al / cal : chemical, electrical,
-ive : selective, productive
-able : capable
-ent : different
-ous : dangerous
-ish : childish, selfish
-y / -ly : sunny, windy
-like : boylike

VERB
-ate : graduate
-en : lengthen
-ed : worked
-ze / yze : realize
en- : enlarge

ADVERB
-ly
Adjectve of quality + ly = adverb
Example : careful + ly : carefully

Subroto (1985 : 268) argues that reveals the separation between

derivation and inflection is a classic problem for Indo- European
language. Derivation is a construction which its distribution
different from its base form, while inflection is a construction which
has same distribution from its base form (Samsuri, 1982 : 198)
Anak itu menggunting kain
Anak itu gunting kain
Makanan itu sudah basi
Makan itu sudah basi
Kami mendengar suara itu
Kami dengar suara itu

1)

It is categorized as derivational when an affix reforms

it base form, whereas it is categorized as inflectional
when an affix does not change its base form of the
word. For example: form is a noun, formal is an
adjective; suffix al has changed the class word so
that its called as derivational affix. Formalise is a
verb, formalizes is a verb as well ; suffix s does
not change the word class so that it is called as
inflectional affix .

Inflectional affixes always reveal the regular

meaning or predictable meaning; on the contrary,

the meaning of derivational affixes are
unpredictable. For example, inflectional affix s
indicates the plural meaning in English, such as
dogs, bicycles, shoes, trees. The example of
derivational are bandage ( pembalut), cleavage
(perpecahan), mileage ( jarak)

There is a common rule that when inflectional affixes

are added to one member of a word class, it will be

able to add inflectional affixes to all other class
members. While derivational affixes can not be
added to each class member. That is why, it can be
determined that the inflectional affix is productive,
whereas derivational affix is unproductive.

Conclusion

In connection with inflectional and derivational affix,

it can be classified into two fields of morphology:
inflectional morphology which concentrates on the
word and its paradigm, and derivational or lexical
morphology.