MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN AND DETAILING II (CEH7422)
NTA LEVEL 7B SECOND SEMESTER
2013/2014 ACADEMIC YEAR
ENG. JULIUS J. NALITOLELA/PROF. J. MSAMBICHAKA

TOPIC 1: WIND LOAD CALCULATION

CONTENT
1. Background
2. Codes of practice/guideline
3. Definitions
4. Wind speed areas in Tanzania
5. Design procedures
6. Examples
7. Load partial factor of safety and load combination

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

1.

Background

Wind represents masses of air moving mainly horizontally (parallel to the

ground) from areas of high pressure to ones of low pressure.
Wind generates pressures on external (and also internal) surfaces of
structures
The main effect of wind is a horizontal loading of buildings (especially
high-rise). This effect of the wind on the structure (i.e. the response of
the structure), depends on the size, shape and dynamic properties of
the structure

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

1.

Background

When the wind enters the building from the windward side and leeward
side is relative closed, internal pressure is developed that acts like
negative pressure
Similarly, when high speed wind passes by a building, it produces a
vacuum on the leeward side, this vacuum results in internal suction
producing negative pressure from the structure
Keeping the movements in the upper levels of the building to
acceptable human tolerances is the goal of the structural engineer.

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

1.

Background

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

2.

Codes of practice & Guideline

CP3: Chapter V: Part 2

BRU Technical Guideline no. 2 LOADS FOR STRUCTURAL

DESIGN

BS 6399-2:1997

Reynolds C.E and Steednam J.E (1981)

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

3.

Definitions

Design strength

-characteristic strength divided by material strength

coefficient
Material coefficient-

partial coefficient of material (the coefficient

takes account of the unpredictable variations of the properties, inaccuracy
of calculation models, geometrical data etc.)

Limit state -

a particular state which a structure or a component has

attained due to loads acting on it when it is at the point of no longer fulfilling
the particular requirement it was designed for.

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

3.

Definitions

Ultimate limit state-

is the state corresponds to the requirement

governing structurally safety against complete collapse due to excessive
loading

Serviceability limit state- the serviceability limit state corresponds to

requirements governing normal use and durability state.

basic wind speed the hourly mean wind speed with an annual probability

risk of being exceeded of 0.02, irrespective of wind direction, at a height of

10 m over completely flat terrain at sea level that would occur if the
roughness of the terrain was uniform everywhere

site wind speed the basic wind speed modified to account for the altitude
of the site and the direction of the wind being considered

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

3.

Definitions

effective wind speed the site wind speed modified to a gust speed by

taking account of the effective height, size of the building

Gusts are variations in the local winds, which are of a smaller character
dynamic pressure the potential pressure available from the kinetic energy

of the effective wind speed

pressure coefficient the ratio of the pressure acting on a surface to

the dynamic pressure

external pressure the pressure acting on an external surface of a building

caused by the direct action of the wind

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

3.

Definitions
internal pressure the pressure acting on an internal surface of a building
caused by the action of the external pressures through porosity and
openings in the external surfaces of the building

net pressure the pressure difference between opposite faces of a surface

building height the height of a building or part of a building above its base

reference height the reference height for a part of a structure is the datum
height above ground for the pressure coefficients and is defined with the
pressure coefficients for that part

obstruction height the average height above ground of buildings,

structures or other permanent obstructions to the wind immediately upwind

of the site

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

3.

Definitions

effective height the height used in the calculations of the effective wind
speed determined from the reference height with allowance for the
obstruction height

building length the longer horizontal dimension of a building or part of a

building

building width the shorter horizontal dimension of a building or part of a

building or structural element being considered and of permanent
obstructions upwind

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

4.

Wind speed in Tanzania

Light wind areas

Inland, except areas mentioned below

Particularly protected areas ling within the heavy wind areas mentioned below

Strong wind areas

Coastal regions including the islands (from shores to approximately 50 km up

country)

Lake regions (Lake Nyasa, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, from the shores
to approximately 50 km up country

Mountain and other areas where experience shows that particularly strong
winds

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURE reynolds table 13
& 14
STEP 1: DETERMINATION OF SITE BASIC SPEED (Vb )

Refer to definition part of this presentation , the determination of basic wind speed; V b
is from annual wind studies at a particular place as related to probability of wind
speed occurrence
STEP 2: DETERMINATION OF DESIGN WIND SPEED

V s = V b x S1 x S2 x S3
Whereby, Vb Basic wind speed , S 1 Multiplier related to topology
S2 multiplier related to height above ground and wind
S3 multiplying factor related to life of structure

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

breaking,

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD
Values of S1 may generally always be taken as unity

except in the following cases: On sites adversely affected

by very exposed hill slopes and crests where wind
acceleration is known to occur: S1 = 1.1, On sites in
enclosed steep-sided valleys completely sheltered from
winds: S1 = 0.9
Values of S3 is a probability factor relating the likelihood of

the design wind speed being exceeded to the probable life

of the structure. A value of unity is recommended for
general use and corresponds to an excessive speed
occurring once in fifty years.
CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD
Generally, BRU Guidelines no. 2, highlighted the design

wind speed in Tanzania, which depend on the wind

areas such as:
o

In Light wind areas

Vs = (35/3)*(log (h)+ 2)

o In strong wind area

Vs = (45/3)*(log (h)+ 2)

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD
STEP 3: DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC

WIND PRESSURE
Wk = 0.616*Vs 2

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD
STEP 4: DETERMINATION WIND PRESSURE TO THE STRUCTURE

External pressure

pe = qs x Cpe x Ca
Cpe is the external pressure coefficient
Ca is the size effect factor = 1

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD

Pressure to structure

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.
DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD
METHOD
Internal pressure
pi = qs x Cpi x Ca
Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient
Ca is the size effect factor = 1

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.

DESIGN PROCEDURE

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

5.

DESIGN PROCEDURESTANDARD

STEP 5: NET PRESSURE DETERMINATION

p = pe p i

STEP 6: CHARACTERISTIC WIND FORCE

DETERMINATION
W k= (pe pi) *A

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

6.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 -

One MUST building

Example 2 -

Mkapa tower Dar es Salaam

Example 3 -

A small building in Kariakoo surrounded by higher

buildings

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION

7.

PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY AND LOAD

COMBINATION

Load combination

Safety factors
Dead load

Imposed load

Wind load

1. Dead

1.4

2. Dead + Imposed

1.4

1.6

0.9 or 1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

3. Dead + Wind
4. Dead + Imposed + Wind

CEH7422; TOPIC 1-WIND LOAD CALCULATION