ChngV:

Thtrngcnhtranhvcquyn
I.Thtrngvphnloithtr
ng
*Khinimthtrng
*Phnloithtrng
*Cctiuthcphnloi

Loi
thtr
ng

Vd

CT
HH

Sn
phm
nng
nghip

CT
Q
Q
T
Q

Du
gi,
bia...

Slng
ngisx

Loi
sn
phm

Sc
mnh
thtr
ng

Hng
rora
nhp

Hnh
thc
CTphi
gi

Rt
nhiu

ng
nht

Khng
c

Khng
c

Khng
c

Phn
bit

Bt
uc
nhng
thp

Bt
uc
nhng
thp

Qung
co,
khuy
nmi

Nhiu

Xe
my,
t,
du
m

Mts

Phn
bit
hoc
ging

Cao

Cao

in,
ng
st

1hng

Duy
nht

Rt
cao

Rt
cao

Qung
co,
khuy
nmi,
thanh
ton
Khng
c,
nu
qung
co
ch
gii

II.Thtrngcnhtranhhon
ho
(Perfectcompetitive
market)
1.cim

2.ngcuvngdoanhthu
cnbin
Hng chp nhn gi sn c trn
th trng nn ng cu hng
CTHH l ng nm ngang, ti
mc gi cn bng ca th trng

St
t

Pe

MC

ATC

Pe

Qe

Dt
t

Q 0

D=M
R

Qe

Hngbnmisnphmmcgi
Pe
=>P=MR=>ngdoanhthu
cnbintrngvingcu
*Chngminh:Q*tiP=MC
hngtlinhuntia
*Ch:iukincli
nhunP>ATC
iukintiaholi

4.imhovn,ngcahaytip
tcsnxut
*imhovn
TR=TC=FC+VC
P.Q=FC+AVC.Q
Qhv=FC/(P-AVC)
*imngcahaytiptcsn
xut

P
P
a
Pe
P
Peb

MC

ATC
AVC

I
B

D=M
R

C
Q*

5.ngcungcaCTHHvng
cungngnh
*HngCTHHcP=MCnn
ng
cungcahngCTHHtrngving
MC
P
MC

AVC

P
2
P
1

Q1 Q2

5.Thngdsnxut(Producer
surplus)
*Khinim:
P
MC
Pe

D=
MR

P2
P
1
P
0

Q1 Q2

Q3

*Miquanhgiathngdsnxut
vlinhun:
PS=TR-VC=TR-(TC-FC)
=>PS=TR-TC+FC=+FC

=>PScmiquanhtlthun
vivFC

III.Thtrngcquyn(Monopoly
market)
1.Khinim
2.cim
3.Nguynnhn:

4.ngcuvngdoanhthucn
bin

P,C

MR
0

D
Q

5.Quytnhsnxutcanh
cquynbn
*Nhcquyntiahali
nhuntimcsnlngQ*ti
MR=MC
*GibnP*cxcnhtrn
ngcuD
Linhunccil:
max=(P*-ATC).Q*

P
1
P*
P
2
Pb

A1

MC
A

A
B 2
MR
Q1 Q* Q2

ATC

D
Q

* Hng Q khng c ng cung

hay ni cch khc khng c mi
quan h hm s gia P v Qs.

* Trong Q s dch chuyn ca

ng cu c th lm P thay i Q
gi nguyn, hoc P gi nguyn Q
thay i hoc c P v Q u
thay i.

P
P1

P
D1

MC

MC

P1
P2

D2

P2

D2
MR2 D1

MR2

MR1

MR1

Q1

Q 0

Q Q2
1

P
MC

P2
P1

D2

Q*1

MR
1
Q*2

MR
2
D1
Q

6.Scmnhcquynbn
QbntP>MC=>csc
mnhQbn
AbbaLerneraraLnm

1934
L=P-MC;(0<L<1)
P

*Ch:-L>>=>scmnhQcngln
-L=0=>P=MC,khngc
scmnhQ

7.Phnbitgi:(Price
Discrimination)
7.1.Phnbitgihonho
(cp1)
P
MC P
MC
P
*

P* CS
P
S

PS
MR=
D

MR
0

Q* Q*

Q 0

Q*

7.2.Phnbitgicp2:
P
P1
P2

P*

P*
MR
0

Q
1

Q
2

Q*

Q*

ATC
MC
D
Q

7.3.Phnbitgicp3:

MR1=MR2=MRtt;Q1+Q2
P
=Qtt
MC

P1

P2

D
MRt
2

Q2

Q1 Qtt

MR
1

D1

MR2

7.4.tgitheothigian
(thik)
P

P1

P2

MC

MR1
0

Q1

Q
2

D
1

D2
MR2
Q

7.5.tgitheothiim(cao
im)
P
MC
P2

P1
MR2
MR1
0

Q1

Q2

D
1

D
2
Q

7.6.tgihaiphn:
P
CS
MC

P
*

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q*

IV.Thtrngcnhtranhkhng
honho
(Imperfectcompetitionmarket)
1.Cnhtranhcquyn
* Khi nim: L th trng c
nhiu hng cung cp v bn sn
phm nhng sn phm ca mi
hng c s phn bit
*cim:
-Cnhiungibn
-Snphmkhcnhau(d
bitho)

-Mi hng l ngi sn xut duy

nht i vi sn phm ca mnh
nn c sc mnh th trng tuy
nhin L ca hng CTQ thp hn
so vi Q v c nhiu hng khc
sn xut cc sn phm c kh
nng
th hay rt khi th tr
- Victhay
ra nhp
ng l tng i d
- Hnh thc cnh tranh ch yu l
qung co d bit ho sn
phm camnh, hu mi, ...

*Nguynnhndnnc
quyn:
- S qui nh ca Chnh ph; v
d in lc
- Do iu kin t nhin cho php;
Kim
Bi...
- Cc hng dng ln hng ro ngn
cn s gia nhp ca hng khc
thng qua: tnh hiu sut tng
theo qui m, bng pht mnh sng
ch, kim sot yu t u vo, lao
ng, hay do qung co lin tc to
-tm
S tc
ng
qua li gia cc hng
l tiu
dng.
(hp tc, cu kt); VD th trng du
m CTHH=>CTQ

*ngcucahngCTQ
- ng cu ca hng CTQ chnh
l ng cu th trng v tuy th
trng c nhiu hng sx nhng cc
phm
khc
nhau
-sn
ng
cu
ca
hng CTQ dc
xung t tri sang phi tuy nhin
thoi
hn so vi Q
*XcP*,Q*,linhuncahngCTQ

Q*xcnhtiMR=MC,P*xcinhtrn
ngcu

CTQ c P thp hn v Q cao hn

so vi Q => L ca CTQ cng thp

*CnbngdihncahngCTQ
P

LN

P
MC

P*

P*

LMC
A

LAC

ATC

D
MR
0

Q*

Q 0

Q*

MR

D
Q

- Ngn hn LN>0 => hng nhp

ngnh=>th phn gim => D dch
chuyn sang tri tip xc LAC
=>LN = 0 t cn bng di hn
*SosnhcnbngDNcaCTHH
vCTQ
+ Ging: NH c LN > 0 => cc hng
nhp ngnh, cui cng t cn
bng DH khi LN = 0
+ Khc: CTHH cung tng S d/c sang
phi, CTQ cu gim, D dch
chuyn sang tri
*Ch:TrongdihnhngCTQ
cthphisnxutvicngsut
tha?

2.Thtrngcquyntpon
2.1.Khinim: L th trng ch
c mt s hng sn xut v bn
sn phm. Cc sn phm ging
nhau gi l Q T thun tu, sn
phm khc nhau gi l QT phn
2.2.cim:
bit
- C 1 s hng trn th trng nh
ng c qui m rt ln

- Cc hng ph thuc ln nhau,

mt hng ra quyt nh phi
cn nhc phn ng ca cc i
th (phn ng nhanh qua gi
hoc phn ng chm bng vic
a ra s/p mi
- Hng ro ra nhp rt cao nn
s gia nhp ngnh l rt kh
thng qua: tnh kinh t theo
qui m, bn quyn hoc b cc
hng c lin kt tr a

2.3.Mhnhngcugykhc
trongthtrngCTQ(The kinked
demand curve model)

*CchngQTubitrng:
+ N mt hng tng gi th cc
hng cn li khng tng gi
+ Nu mt hng gim gi th cc
hng cn li s phi gim ga theo

D2

MC2

MC
1

P*

MR2
Q*

MR
1

D1
Q

- c im c bn khi ng cu
gy khc th ng doanh thu
cn bin MR t qung (gin
on ti mc sn lng Q*)
- Sn lng t 0 => Q* hng c
ng cu thoi (D1, MR1), cu co
dn ln theo gi
- Sn lng t Q* tr ln hng c
ng cu dc (D2, MR2), cu co
dn t theo gi
T cc c im ny nn hng
QTcngcugykhclkt
hpcaD1vD2

- Ti Q* MR b t qung, hay c
khong trng gi l lp m
chi ph cho php hng gi c
gi v sn lng khi chi ph cn
bin MC thay i trong lp
m.
- Lp m chi ph to cho cc
hng QT c kh nng gi s n
nh trong gi v sn lng ti u,
to nn tnh cng nhc ca
gi v sn lng.

2.4.Lthuyttrchi:
- L thuyt tr chi m t nhng
quyt nh thng minh nht
ca cc hng ph thuc ln nhau.
Nhng tr chi kinh t tin
mthng
cchhphp
-hnh
Nu cc
tc tc
th hoc
s c
khng
hprng
tc. buc khin h c
hp
ng
th hoch nh nhng chin lc
chung
c li).
- Nu (v
hpng
tc
th P cao v Q
gim, li nhun tng tuy nhin th
ng khng chc chn, do cc
hng thng ph cam kt tng

ChngVI
Thtrngsclaong
I.Cungsclaong
1.Khinim:

W
W2
W1

t1

t2

2.Nhngnhntnhhngncung
sclaong
2.1.plcv
kinht
2.2.plcvmttml
xhi
2.3.Sbtbucphi
lmvic
2.4.Giihnvthigiant
nhin
Mt ngy ch c 24 gi =
TGlv+TGnn
=> la chn TGlv v TGnn
choti
*ch
liucn bin ca ngh

*Ich li cn bin ca lm vic:

MUlv

MUnn v MUlv cng tun theo qui lut

MU gim dn

t* xc nh <=>MUlv
= MClv

*imxcnhthigianlaongtiul
imthomn:
MUlv=MClvmMClv=MUnn
=>t*cxcnhtiimmchli
cnbincalmvicbngchlicn
bincanghngi.

MUlvtng=>ttng,ngcliMUlv
gimtgim

MUl
v

MUlv=MClvmMClv=
MUnn

MUn
n

0
TGnn

A3

A
A 2

MUnn

Mulv
MUlv

t3 t Mulv
t1 2
24gi

TGlv
0

*Ch:Vccnhntnisinhvng
S

W
A3

W3
W2
W1

A2
A1

t1 t2

t3

(Movementalongthe

S
3 S
1

S
2

t
(Shiftofsupplycurve)

3.ngcunglaongvngvphasau

(Backward-bendingsupplycurve)

w
SL

w
2
w
3
w
1
0

t1 t2

t
3

II.Cuvlaong
1.Khinim:
Cu v lao ng l dn xut, th pht,
pht sinh (derived demand) n ph
thuc vo sn lng ca doanh nghip.

W
W1

W2

Dl
L2

2.Snphmdoanhthucnbin
calaong:MRPl-Marginal
RevenueProductofLabour
*Snphmcnbincalaong
(Marginalproductof
labour)

MRPl=Q/L=Ql
MPltuntheoquilutnngsutcn
*MRPl=TR/L=MR.MP
bingimdnL

*CTHH:MR=P=>MRPL=P.
MPL
*Q:MR#P=>MRPL=MR.MPL#
P.MPL

MRPL l mt ng dc xung t tri

sang phi do qui lut hiu sut cn
bin gim dn chi phi.
TcimcathtrngQcgi
cao hn MC nn ng MRPl th tr
ng Q dc hn v nm di ng
MRPltrongthtrngCTHH.

MR=MCmP>MC
=>P>MRvP.MPl>MR.MPl
=> cng mt mc lng th hng Q
bao gi cng thu t nhn cng
hn so vi hng CTHH.

W
W1

D=
MRPl=P.MPl
D=MRPl=

Lm

Lc

MR.MPl

3.NguyntclachntiutrongT2
SL
MRPl > W => hng nn thu
thm lao ng
MRPl < W => hng khng nn thu
thm lao ng
MRPl = W => lc ny hng t c
la chn ti u trong vic thu lao
ng, hng nn dng li s lng lao
ng ny

III.Cnbngtrongthtrnglao
Trong th trng sc lao ng
CTHH khi mt hng mun thu lao
ng hng phi chp nhn mc
gi tin cng sn c trn th tr
ng. C ngha l mc tin cng
c hnh thnh sn trn th
tr
ng
=>
ng CUNG i vi 1 hng
thu lao ng trong th trng
CTHH l mt ng co dn hon
ton => nm ngang v song
song vi trc honh) (ng cu l

TimcthulaongtiuL*tac

mclngbngsnphmhinvtcn
binWe=MRPl
W
w
Dl
Sl

Sl

W
e

We

MRPL

Le

L*

2.imcnbngtrongT2Lphi
cnhtranh
2.1.Thtrngcquynmua
Trong T2 ny DN l ngi thu L duy
nht trn th trng nn ta c ng
cu ca hng chnh l ng cu cu
th trng. ng cung ca th trng
cng chnh l ng cung L vi
hng.

*Mtskhinim:

Tng chi tiu ca

expenditurelabour)

(Total

TEl=W.L

(tincngnhnvislnglao
ng)
Tngchitiucalaong:Total
expenditurelabour

L s thay i tng chi tiu lao

ng khi c s thay i ca mt
n v u vo lao ng.

MEl=TE/L

MElnmtrnngSl
Do Sl ch phn nh mc lng ca lao
ng; cn MEl phn nh chi ph thc
t phi tr khi thu thm mt l bao
gm c lng v cc CP # nh bo him...

L*lsLthutiuxcnhl
giaocaMElvMRPl(=Dl)
W T2 L QM bng t L* trn
ngcungSlvlmclng
W*.thphnmclngkhithtr
ng lao ng l cnh tranh (xc

HnhminhhoxcnhL*vW*
trongT2QM
MEl
w
Sl

W1
W2

CTHH

W*

Dl=MRPl
L*

L2

2.2.ThtrngSLQbn(Trade
Union)
Mun ti a ho s L c thu th
nghip on s chn ti im L*,W*
lgiaocaSlvDl
Muntiahodoanhthu(TRmax),
ngha l tng tin lng l ln nht
th nghip on s chn im m
MR=0,nghalL2vW2.
Mun tin cng l max , mc L (L1)
xc inh ti im MR giao vi Sl, v
tL1trnngcuDltacmcl
ngrtcaoW1.

Hnhminhhoquytnhcanghip
ontrongT2QB
W
W1

SL

W2
W3

Dl
MR
0

L1 L2

L*

2.3.cquynsongphng
*Khinim:
c quyn song phng xy ra
khi trn th trng xut hin c
c quyn bn v c quyn
mua sc lao ng.

*cquynbn:imA,L2=MRx
Sl, cn gi W2 xc inh trn ng
cung h mong mun t c im
tiul(W2,L2).
*cquynmua:imB,L1=MEL x
DL, mc lng W1 xc nh trn Sl,

Im(W1,L1).

HnhminhhoQsongph
w

W2

MEl
B:QM
A:QB

SL

W*

DL

W1

MR
0

L1 L2

L*

 Nu 2 bn khng bn no c sc
mnh tuyt i th mc lng s
giaongtrongkhong t W1 n
W2.
Nuscmnhc quyn mua >
c quyn bn th mc lng s
gn vi W1vngclinunuc
quyn mua < c quyn bn th
mclngsgn vi W2.
Trong trng hp sc mnh c
quyn mua v c quyn bn l
ngang nhau th th trng s xc
nh im ti u ti kt hp (L*,

ChngVII:Strctrccathtrng
vvaitriutitcaChnhph

I.Strctrccath
tr
ng
NhmA
(giu)

C
A
B
0

Nhm
B(ngho)

1.Thtrngcnhtranhkhng
honho
P,C
MC
CS
D

P*d b1
P*c
P
d

a1
a2

C
D
MR

Q*d Q*c

TimD=>C:CSthma1+b1;PS
thma2-b1

- S trc trc ca th trng gy

nn mt khng cho x hi (DWL:
Dead weight loss)
- Xut hin cc chi ph khng c li
cho nn kinh t: qung co, vn
ng hnh lang...
2.nhhngngoing
(externality)
*Khinoxuthinnhhngngoi
ng: khi mt hot ng tiu dng hay
sn xut c tc ng i vi cc hot
ng tiu dng hay sn xut khc.

*C2loinhhngngoing:

2.1.nhhngngoingtiucc:
* V d: xt nh hng ngoi ng
tiu cc do nhim t vic sn
xut sn tng hp (gi s y l
mt ngnh sn xut trong th tr
MSC:
Marginal social cost- chi ph cn
ng
CTHH).
bin ca x hi do c nh hng ngoi
ng
MEC:Marginalexternalitycost-chi
phcnbinngoing

MSC=MC+MEC

MECdclnt0vkhngsnxutkhng
cnhhng
TiBchatnhnMECnnsnxutl
Q2,P2;
TiActnhnMEC=>P=MSC,sn
xutPe,Qe
P
MS
C
C
P C
Pe

P2

MC
MEC

D
0

Qe Q2

2.1.nhhngngoingtchcc:
* V d: hng ho cng cng, hot ng
quc phng, an ninh, khu vui chi cng vin,
vn hoa cng cng,..

Li ch cn bin ca x hi: MSB Marginal

social benefit l tng li ch m thc t
XH thu c t hot ng .
Lichcnbinngoing:(MEB:Marginal
externality benefit) l ch li thu c t
thm mt n v s dng (VD thm mt
nh trng hoa)
CPcnbin(MC):CP thm mt h gia
nh trng hoa

MSB=MU+MEB

TiAchatnhnMEUsnxuttiQa
TiBtnhnMEUkhuynkhchtng
QtQa=>Qb

TamgicABClnhh
ngngoingtchcc
P,C
mangli

P
a

Pb

MC
MS
MU B
MEB

Q
a

Qb

3.Stnticahnghacngcng
(Public goods)
3.1.Hnghotnhn:(Private goods)L cc
hng ho dch v c mua bn bnh thng trn
th trng v vic tiu dng ca ngi ny loi tr
vic tiu dng ca ngi khc.
2
c
im
l:
c
th
loi
b
(excludabitity)v
c
th
gim
bt
3.2.Hnghocngcng(Public
(disminishability): ct tc, ti vi... goods):
Hng ho cng cng l nhng hng ho dch v
m vic tiu dng ca ngi ny khng loi tr s
tiu dng ca ngi khc.
*Vd: hot ng quc phng, bo v tng
zn,
cng vin...
Trctrcdokhngpng
clichring
mchottc
Trctrc2gibng0nnlungtiudngl
vcngln

* Hng ho cng cng cng gy nn mt

tnh trng l s trng ch, ni vo Nh nc
ca nhng k n khng, khng chu u t
hoc ph hoi hay s dng lng ph cc hng
ho cng cng.
*vd: qui nh khng c ph hoi cy
ci nhng nhiu ngi c o hoa mang v
nh trng ri li Nh nc mang hoa
n trng li.
=> khc phc s trc trc ny ny cn
c s phi hp tp th; s hp tc gia cc c
nhn v tp th c th t c cc kt
qu nh mong mun. Mt x hi cng vn
minh th cng c nhiu hng ho cng
cng.

II.Chcnng,cngc,phngphpiut

1.Chcnng.cngciutitcaC

2.PhngphpiutitcaChnhp
a.iutitgi:
iu tit c quyn t nhin (tnh kinh
t theo qui m, hiu sut theo qui m)
LATC gim khi Q tng => ng LATC dc
xung t tri sang phi

LMCnmdiLATCvdcxungttrisan

P
LN
Pa
P*
Pb

A
D

LATC

Pc

LMC

D
MR
Q
Qa Q* Qb
Qc
0
PhngphpiutitcaChnhph

* Nu khng iu tit th hng

QssnxuttimcsnlngQa
(MR =LMC), v gi l Pa=> A(Qa,
Pa)
KhiduytrQthXHsmt
khng(DWL)
=>ChnhphcniutitQ
tnhin
*Mctiulhiuqusnxut:tP
= MC = Pc lc ny DWL = 0 nhng P <
LATC (tng l = CCxQc). Mun DN
tiptcSXthCPphibl,hoch
srtkhithtrng.

* Mc tiu hiu qu sn xut:

th tng CP bnh qun thp
nht => Qc th LATC vn cha
min, do hng Q b l =>
chnh sch ny khng thnh
cng.
*Mctiucngbng:Chnhph
a ra mc gi P = LATC, ti
im B (Qb,Pb); vn cn DWL,
nhng LN Q = 0. Ti y mc
tiu 2 bn t c thng qua
iutitlinhun.

b.iutitsnlng:
- 3 phng php iu tit gi
u c nhc im => CP iu
titquasnlng.
-Phngphpliuchnhsn
lngtrctip:VD buc mt hng
phi SX mc sn lung ti thiu
no v cu tiu dng xc
nh ga ng vi sn lng .
- CP a ra Q* thuc (Qa, Qb),
ng vi l P*, tuy DWL >0 nhng
nhhntiimA,Qvncli