ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
RLE3.3 Group 1

LUNGS

LUNGS

A pair of spongy
air-filled organs
located on both
sides of the chest.
The right lung has
3 lobes and the
left lung has two
lobes.
left lung cardiac
notch

LUNGS

Trachea
conducts inhaled
air into the lungs
through its tubular
branches, called
bronchi
Bronchi (airways)
Alveoli absorbs
oxygen from the
air into the blood.

PLEURA

a thin, balloon-like
structure that
surrounds the lungs and
allows them to move
smoothly as we breath
in and out

2 types:

Visceral pleura covers

the lung

Parietal pleura covers

the chest wall

Between the visceral and

parietal pleura exists the
pleural space which

CILIA

First line of defense for

infection
Tiny hairs that lines the
bronchi
Moves back and forth in
an ongoing motion like
a wave
Moves foreign objects,
like bacteria or viruses,
out of the lungs
Mucus is carried on top
of the cilia

INTERSTITIUM

Refers to the tissue

network that
surrounds and
supports the air sacs
(alveoli).
It includes a web-like
network of strong
structural fibers that
prevent the alveoli
from being overstretched.

DIAPHRAGM

The diaphragm is the large dome shaped muscle

that contracts and relaxes during breathing. It
also separates the chest and abdominal cavity.
Muscles near our ribs also help expand our chest
for breathing.

Note:
Too much carbon dioxide in the blood
results from
hypoventilation (too little breathing).

Too little carbon dioxide in the blood

results from
hyperventilation (too much/or rapid
breathing).

PANCREAS

PANCREAS

Transverse, retroperitoneal
organ

Lies behind the stomach

5.75 to 9.5 cm long

Parts:

Head

Neck

Body

Tail

rests within the concavity

of the duodenum
between the head and
the body and is in front of the
superior mesenteric artery and vein
lying behind the base of
the stomach
spleen

ends just abutting the

ENDOCRINE FUNCTION

The part with the endocrine function is made up of

approximately a million cell clusters called islets of
Langerhans.

4 cell types in the islets:

Alpha cells secretes glucagon (increases glucose in
the blood)
Beta cells secretes insulin (decrease glucose in the
blood)
Delta cells secretes somatostatin (regulates
secretion of alpha and beta cells)
Gamma cells secretes pancreatic polypeptide

EXOCRINE FUNCTION

Helps out digestive system

Secretes pancreatic fluid that contains
digestive enzymes to further break down
the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in
the chyme.

PANCREATIC JUICES

DIGESTIVE ENZYME

Proteases: trypsin and chemotrypsin

digests proteins and peptides into smaller
peptides.
Pancreatic lipase: digests dietary fat
Amylase: digests carbohydrates

BICARBONATE

neutralizes the acid coming in to the small

intestine from the stomach

KIDNEYS

KIDNEYS

2 bean-shaped
organs
Situated in the
retroperitoneum
Between T12-L3
on each side
Outer layer is the
CORTEX and the
middle layer is
the MEDULLA

KIDNEYS: CORTEX

Glomerulus - ballshaped structure

composed of capillary
blood vessels that
filters waste products
from the blood
Proximal Convoluted
Tubule major site of
reabsorption
Loop of Henle
where urine production
takes place

KIDNEYS: CORTEX

Distal tubule
responsible for the
selective
reabsorption of Na,
K, Ca and water (with
presence of ADH)
Collecting duct reabsorbs bicarb and
hydrogen to to
acidify urine

KIDNEYS: MEDULLA

Renal pyramids
- cone-shaped
tissues of the
kidneys

KIDNEYS

Multiple pyramids
taper and join forming
a minor calyx.
Several combined to
make a major calyx.
The major calyxes
join and enter a
funnel-shaped renal
pelvis that directs
urine into the ureters.

KIDNEYS: NEPHRONS

Nephrons

basic structural and functional

unit of the kidney
regulate the concentration of
water and soluble substances like
Na salts by filtering the blood,
reabsorbing what is need and
excreting the rest as urine

2 types:
Cortical

Approximately 85%
Performs excretory and regulatory
functions

Juxtamedullary

Approximately 15%
Responsible for concentration and
dilution of urine

URINE FORMATION

FIN.
Thanks!

*toss toss*