Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemistry
The Molecular Nature of
Matter and Change
Sixth Edition
Martin S. Silberberg
11-1
Copyright
Chapter 11
11-2
11-3
11-4
Figure 11.1
A covalent bond results from the overlap of orbitals from two atoms.
The shared space is occupied by two electrons, which have opposite spins.
11-5
Figure 11.2
Fluorine, F2.
The greater the extent of orbital overlap, the stronger the bond.
11-6
11-7
11-8
Figure 11.3
atomic
orbitals
hybrid
orbitals
One 2s and one 2p atomic orbital mix to form two sp hybrid orbitals.
11-9
11-10
Figure 11.4
Mixing one s and two p orbitals gives three sp2 hybrid orbitals.
The third 2p orbital remains unhybridized.
11-11
11-12
Figure 11.5
11-13
Figure 11.6
11-14
11-15
Figure 11.7
11-16
Figure 11.8
11-17
Table 11.1
11-18
Figure 11.9
Molecular
Formula
Step 1
Figure 10.1
Lewis
structure
Step 2
Figure 10.10
Molecular shape
and e- group
arrangement
Step 3
Table 11.1
Hybrid orbitals
11-19
11-20
2p
isolated C atom
2s
2p
hybridized C atom
The O atom has two half-filled sp3
orbitals and two filled with lone pairs.
sp3
11-21
sp3
2s
isolated O atom
hybridized O atom
3d
3p
3s
11-22
3d
sp3d
isolated S atom
hybridized S atom
11-23
11-24
Figure 11.10
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
11-25
11-26
Figure 11.11
unhybridized 2p orbitals
11-27
Figure 11.12
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
11-28
Figure 11.13
11-29
SOLUTION:
sp3
sp2
sp3
11-30
11-31
Figure 11.14
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
11-32
11-33
Figure 11.15
An analogy between light waves and atomic wave functions.
Amplitudes of wave
functions added
Amplitudes of
wave functions
subtracted
11-34
Figure 11.16
11-35
11-36
Figure 11.17
H2 bond order = (2 0) = 1
11-37
Figure 11.18
(1s)2( *1s )1
11-39
(1s)2( *1s )2
SOLUTION:
H2+ has one electron to place in its MOs while H2- has three electrons
to place.
11-40
(1 0) = ;
so we predict that H2+ exists.
(2 1) = ;
so we predict that H2- exists.
11-41
Li2
Li2 bond order = 1
11-42
Be2
Be2 bond order = 0
Figure 11.20
11-43
with 2s-2p
mixing
MO energy levels
for O2, F2, and Ne2
MO energy levels
for B2, C2, and N2
11-44
Figure 11.22
MO occupancy and
molecular properties
for B2 through Ne2.
11-45
Figure 11.23
11-46
841
112
498
121
623
112
PLAN: The data show that removing an electron from each parent
molecule has opposite effects: N2+ has a weaker longer bond
than N2, but O2+ has a stronger, shorter bond than O2. We
determine the valence electrons in each species, draw the
sequence of MO energy levels (showing orbital mixing in N2
but not in O2), and fill them with electrons. We then calculate
bond orders, which relate directly to bond energy and inversely
to bond length.
11-47
SOLUTION:
N2+
O2
*2p
2p
2p
11-48
O2+
2p
2p
2p
2p
2p
2s
2s
2s
2s
11-49
Figure 11.24A
11-50
Figure 11.24B
11-51
Figure 11.25
11-52