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SURGES
PHENOMENA
1. Lightning
CAUSES
EFFECT
Line insulators
flashover or puncture.
Travelling waves
carries its effects to
sub-stations and
Power Station.
Insulation of the
system is stressed.
PHENOMENA
2. Switching
CAUSES
EFFECT
(a) CB voltage
stressed
(b) Restrike possible
(c) Wave travels to
both sides of CB.
(d) Voltage
Oscillation in
sub-circuit.
(a) Transmission line
insulation
stressed.
(b) Terminal
apparatus
insulation
stressed by
travelling waves.
Circuits: energy
stored in
inductances gives
rise to a potential
rise across
capacitors.
(b) Switching-on
capacitive line:
charging currents
gives rise to a
travelling wave.
(c) Other switching
operations.
PHENOMENA
3.
Arcing Grounds
CAUSES
EFFECT
Line to ground
(a) Temporary fault
capacitive charge gets
grows into
discharged through
permanent fault.
earth fault.
(b) Voltage rises to 3
Repeated charging
or 4 times of
and discharging gives
normal values.
rise to intermittent
(c) Voltage of healthy
arcs.
lines increase.
Voltage Oscillations,
Sudden Changes Energy in inductances Travelling waves.
transferred to
In System
capacitances.
Condition
PHENOMENA
5.
Resonance
6.
Travelling Waves
CAUSES
EFFECT
Rapid increase in
over-voltages,
insulation failure likely
to occur.
Reflected wave gets
superimposed on
initial waves;
Voltage rises to
several times normal
values,
Insulation failure likely
to occur.
Method of reducing
switching overvoltage
Condition of switching
Method of reducing
switching overvoltage
Condition of switching
Method of reducing
switching overvoltage
4.
2
5.
Reducing switching
Synchronous switching of three poles
overvoltages by improved
switching sequence
Condition of switching
Method of reducing
switching overvoltage
Simultaneous operation of circuit
breakers at both ends of lines
Condition of switching
Method of reducing
switching overvoltage
While disconnecting reactor
Symbol:
CB
LIGHTNING
RESISTOR
REACTORS
ARRESTER