ASSESSMENT

Franelyne P. Casuga
Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Santo Tomas

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
Most frequent measurement obtained by
health practitioners
Indicators of health status
Indicate the effectiveness of functions:
circulatory, respiratory, nervous and
endocrine
Provides data to determine a clients
usual state of health (baseline data)

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
Temperature
Blood pressure
Pulse rate/cardiac rate
Respiratory rate

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
Pain
Fifth vital sign
As decided by the Joint
Commission on Accreditation of
Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
and pain management experts

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
FACTORS CAUSING VITAL SIGNS TO
CHANGE
Temperature of the environment
Patients physical exertion
Effects of illness

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
Change in vital signs
- indicates a change in physiological
function
Allows the pharmacist
Assess response to drug and non-drug
therapy
Identify diagnoses
Implement planned interventions
Evaluate success when vital signs
have returned to acceptable values

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
Essential ingredient when
pharmacists, nurses
and physicians collaborate to
determine the
patients health status

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
Need for hands-on proficiency in
specific
physical assessment skills varies
according
to the type of patient care setting
All pharmacists should have at
least a basic

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
BASIC TECHNIQUES TO
DETERMINE
VITAL SIGNS (IPPA)
Inspection (check-up)
Palpation (feel)
Percussion (beating)
Auscultation (stethoscope)

Percussion

Chest percussion, also referred to as chest

physiotherapy, is an airway clearance technique that
involves clapping on the chest and/or back to help
loosen thick secretions. Doing this makes mucus

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
GUIDELINES FOR MEASURING VITAL
SIGNS
Part of the database/record that a
pharmacist
collects during assessment
Baseline for future assessments

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
GUIDELINES FOR MEASURING VITAL
SIGNS
Patients needs and condition determine
when, where, how and by whom vital signs
are measured
Pharmacist must analyze vital signs to
interpret
their significance and make decisions about
interventions

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
GUIDELINES FOR MEASURING VITAL
SIGNS
1. Equipment
Appropriate for the size and the age of
the
patient
Functional to ensure accurate findings
Selected based on the patients
condition

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
GUIDELINES FOR MEASURING VITAL
SIGNS
2. Patient
Usual range of vital signs should be
established
Medical history, therapies and
prescribed
medications should be known

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
GUIDELINES FOR MEASURING
VITAL
SIGNS
3. Control and minimize
environmental factors affecting
vital signs
4. Organized, systematic approach
when taking vital signs

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
ACCEPTABLE RANGES FOR ADULTS
Temperature range
36 to 37 C
Oral/tympanic 37C
Rectal
37.5C
Axillary
36.5C
Pulse rate
60 to 100 beats
per minute
Respiratory rate
12 to 16 breaths
per minute
Blood pressure
110/70 mm Hg

ASSESSMENT
VITAL SIGNS
EQUIPMENTS
Thermometer
Stethoscope
Sphygmomanometer

Thermometers

Axillary thermometer

Oral Thermometer

Stethoscope

Sphygmomanometer

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION
Subjective (personal/individual)
Everything is important, depending
on the
chief complaint
Consider everything
Document the essential

Subjective

Objective

1. I feel dizzy.

1. Blood pressure: 90/60,

Pulse 110.

2. My bladder never
seems empty.

2.Voids 100-150ml/void q
1-2 h.

3. I am too fat.

3. 14 yr. old male 150

cm (52) 36 Kg (80 lbs).

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS (HPI)
P What provokes discomfort?
Q What is the quality of the
discomfort?
R Where is the region of the
discomfort?
S What is the severity of the
discomfort?

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS (HPI)

What was the mechanism of injury?

What was the patient doing prior to incident?
Are there any associated symptoms?
Are there any aggravating/relieving factors?
Is this a recurrent/continuing illness or injury?
Is the patient on any medications?
Notes patients eating habits, caffeine and
smoking habits
Allergies? ASK FOR YOURSELF

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
General
Nutritional status, weight gain/loss,
weakness,
fatigue, hydration status & overall condition
Skin
Changes in skin/nail/hair texture
appearance
and color, rashes, itching, lumps or
infection

Chicken pox
Eczema

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Head
Loss of consciousness, lightheadedness/
vertigo (dizziness), headaches, history of
injury, sinus, pain, visual disturbances
Eyes
Visual changes, diplopia, pain, discharge,
trauma, photophobia, glaucoma, cataracts,
last eye exam, use of eyeglasses/contacts
lenses

Diplopia

Cataract

Vertigo
Loss of consciousness

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Ears
Hearing loss, tinnitus, drainage, pain,
infection, discharge, vertigo, hearing
aids
Nose/Sinuses
Stuffiness, drainage, olfactory changes,
itching, obstruction, history of trauma,
hay fever, nosebleeds, sinus problems

Nosebleeding

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Throat
Hoarseness, dysphagia, enlarged tonsils,
bleeding gums, sores, dental condition,
caries,
tongue changes, dry mouth, history of sore
throat, history of trauma
Neck
Goiter, pain, masses, nodules, adenopathy,
thyroid problems, stiffness, history of injury

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION
REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Respiratory
Cough, dyspnea, sputum (amount,
type, color),
asthma, bronchitis, COPD (chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease) ,
emphysema, TB, last CXR (chest xray), smoking history

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Cardiac
Hypertension, hyperlipidemia,
rheumatic fever,
murmurs, chest pain/discomfort,
dyspnea,
edema, last ECG/stress test, CHF
(congestive heart failure), history of
surgeries, procedures, monitors

ASSESSMENT

COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Peripheral vascular
Nocturnal pain, varicose veins, leg cramps,
CHF (congestive heart failure), swelling,
tenderness
Gastrointestinal
Heartburn, dysphagia, appetite, indigestion,
belching, flatulence, stool changes, melena,
diarrhea, constipation, nausea, regurgitation,
vomiting, history of gallbladder or liver
disease

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION
REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Genital (male)
Hernias, sores, lesions, penile
discharge, pain, testicular/mass
discomfort, scrotal mass/discomfort,
history of STDs, sexual
history, function, problems

ASSESSMENT

COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Genital (female)
Birth control, sexual history/function,
STDs,
itching, sores, discharge, dyspareunia, last
PAP/pelvic exam, menarche, menopause,
LMP (last menstrual period), obstetric
history, menstrual regularity, frequency,
duration, amount, dysmenorrhea,
amenorrhea, PMS (pre-menstrual
syndrome)

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Urinary
Dysuria, polyuria, frequency, stones, pattern
change, incontinence, nocturia, STD,
hesitancy, dribbling, hematuria, infections,
flank discomfort
Hematologic
Bleeding, bruising, anemia, history of
transfusions

ASSESSMENT

COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Endocrine
Thyroid, adrenal, hormonal, heat/cold
intolerance, edema, hirsutism, sweating,
excessive thirst, hunger, polyuria, pigment
changes
Musculoskeletal
Myalgia, stiffness, gout, arthritis, backache,
swelling, pain, erythema, tenderness, history
of trauma

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)
Neurologic
Syncope, vertigo, seizures, blackouts,
paresthesias, paralysis, tremors, weakness,
involuntary movements, equilibrium
Psychiatric
Anxiety, mood swings, mania, depression,
memory loss, insomnia, suicidal ideations,
delusions, hallucinations

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY (PMH)
Consider:
any other currently active problems
comments should include:
functional impairment
history of trauma
childhood/adult illnesses surgeries
hospitalizations
FAMILY HISTORY (FH)

ASSESSMENT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Always start your objective with an opening statement
concerning the patients general appearance and
condition

Well-developed, well-nourished male not in distress.

Patient is ambulatory/moving, alert , cooperative, and
shows no gross mental status changes. Vital signs
noted.
Consider listing a minimum of 3-4 physical exam
findings for each complaint
Check the system above and below, and include the
possibility of cutaneous, musculoskeletal and occult
findings
Document the absence of critical findings

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Biochemical, chemical, or physical
methods
of measuring biologic or physiologic
functions
of the body
Important part of health care and have
become indispensable for routine
screening and the diagnosis of disease

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Used routinely to assess compliance,
monitor both the efficacy of prescribed
treatment and the advent/start of
adverse or
toxic reactions, diagnosis of specific
disease
and at times, to help determine the
drug of
choice

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Ordered appropriately and performed
and
interpreted correctly
Results of initial screening or
diagnostic tests
usually suggest the specific follow-up
tests
necessary for a definitive diagnosis

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
THE PHARMACISTS ROLE
Involved in monitoring patient care, and a
growing number now have input into the
management of patient therapy
Understand why laboratory tests are used
and of the information to be gained from
them

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
THE PHARMACISTS ROLE
Drugs may influence the results of
laboratory
tests in a variety of ways, they are in
good
position to anticipate and advise on
such
interactions

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
DEFINITION: Using word beginnings
(prefixes)
and endings (suffixes) as clues to procedures
-Graphy
To record an image
-Scopy
To look through a lensed instrument
-Centesis
To puncture
-Metry To measure with an instrument
Sono- To assess using sound
ElectroTo assess using electrical impulses
GlucoSugar
Endo- Inside

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
DEFINITION
Endoscopy
Visual examination of internal
structures
using optical scopes
Paracentesis
Puncturing the skin and withdrawing
fluid
from the abdominal cavity

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
DEFINITION
Lumbar Puncture
Inserting a needle between lumbar
vertebrae
in the spine but below the spinal cord
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Combines technology of radionuclide
scanning
with the layered analysis of tomography

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
DEFINITION
Sonogram or Echogram
Examination of soft tissue using sound
waves
beyond human hearing
Visual image produced by the reflection of
the sound waves back from the tissues
being
assessed and into the machine

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
DEFINITION
Electrical Graphic Recordings

Electrocardiography (ECG)
Examination of the electrical activity in the
heart
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Examination of the energy emitted by the brain
Electromyography (EMG)
Examination of the energy produced by
stimulated muscles

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC
TESTS
DEFINITION
Culture
To collect from the body a sample
suspected to contain infectious
microorganisms, growing the
microbes in a nutrient substance,
and examining the resulting growth
under a microscope

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
DEFINITION
Pelvic examination
Physical inspection of the vagina and cervix
and palpation of uterus and ovaries
Papanicolaou (Pap Smear)
Screening of cells from the cervix and canal
to detect abnormal cells, hormonal status,
and presence of abnormal microorganisms

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
FACTORS THAT INVALIDATE TEST
RESULTS

Incorrect diet preparation

Failure to remain fasting
Insufficient bowel cleansing
Drug interactions
Inadequate specimen volume
Failure to deliver specimen to lab in timely
manner
Incorrect or missing request form

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
COMMON DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Radiography or Roentgenography (Xray)
Fluoroscopy
Computerized Tomography (CT Scan)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
COMMON DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Endoscopic examinations

Bronchoscopy
Gastroscopy
Colonoscopy
Laparoscopy
cavity
Cystoscopy
bladder

inspection of the bronchi

inspection of stomach
inspection of colon
inspection of the abdominal
inspection of urinary

 Hematology or haematology

- branch of biology (physiology), pathology

, clinical laboratory , internal medicine ,
and pediatrics that is concerned with the
study of blood, the blood-forming organs,
and blood diseases.
- includes the study of etiology, diagnosis,
treatment, prognosis, and prevention of
blood diseases.

Test
Normal Values
LABORATORY
TESTS
White Blood Cell (WBC)
5 x 10 /L
9

HEMATOLOGY
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
4-6 x 1012/L*
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Male: 140-170 g/L
Female: 120-170 g/L
Hematocrit (Hct)
Male: 37 54%
ESR (erythrocyte
Female: 0 20 mm/hr
sedimentation rate)
Differential Count
Neutrophils: 54 75%
Eosinophils: 0 4%
Lymphocytes: 2 35%
Monocytes: 6%
Basophils: 0 0.5%
Mean Corpuscular Volume
75 97 f
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin 26 33 pg

Hematocrit-Packed RBCs in

whole blood after centrifugation

Packed Cell Volume
Low Values-anemia, overhydrationor
blood loss
High Values-Polycythema vera or
dehydration

Hemoglobin- a estimate of the

oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

MCV- Mean Cell Volume

Low MCV indicates microcytic RBCs
occurs in Iron Deficiency
High MCV indicates macrocytic,
occurs in
Vit B12 or folic acid deficiency

 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Ratemeasures the rate of RBC settling of

whole uncoagulated blood over time

High ESR indicates acute and chronic

infection, tissue necrosis, rheumatoid
collagen disease

Coagulation
complex process by which blood
forms clots.
Disorders can lead to an increased
risk of bleeding (hemorrhage) and/or
clotting (thrombosis).

LABORATORY TESTS
COAGULATION *

Test
ACT (activated coagulation
time)
APTT(activated partial

Normal Values
70 120 seconds
30 40 seconds

thromboplastin time)

Bleeding time (BT)

Clotting time
FDP (d-dimmer)
Fibrinogen level
Partial thromboplastin time
(PTT)
Platelet Count
Prothrombin time (PT)
Thrombin time

1 3 min
8 -15 mins
< 25 mg/dl
200 400 mg/dl
30 40 seconds
200 400 x 109 L
12 15 seconds
10 14 seconds

 Problems with coagulation may dispose to

hemorrhage, thrombosis, and occasionally
both, depending on the nature of the
pathology.
Thrombosis is the pathological
development of blood clots.
clots may break free and become mobile,
forming an embolus or grow to such a size
that occludes the vessel in which it
developed.

Cofactors

Various substances are required for

the proper functioning of the
coagulation cascade:
Calcium and phospholipid (a platelet
membrane constituent)
Vitamin K

BLOOD CHEMISTRY-Serum

BLOOD CHEMISTRY-Serum
Types:
Serum albuminProteins
- most abundant blood plasma protein and is
produced in the liver and forms a large
proportion of all plasma protein.
- human serum albumin, and it normally
constitutes about 70% of human plasma protein;
Globulins - all other proteins present in blood
plasma
- bovine serum albumin (cattle serum albumin) or
BSA, often used in medical and molecular biology
labs.

 Low albumin (hypoalbuminaemia) may be

caused by liver disease, nephrotic syndrome
, burns, protein-losing enteropathy ,
malabsorption, malnutrition, late pregnancy,
artefact, genetic variations and malignancy.
High albumin is almost always caused by
dehydration
Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch
down into sugar . Amylase is present in
human saliva, where it begins the chemical
process of digestion

LABORATORY TESTS
BLOOD CHEMISTRY *
Test
Albumin
Amylase
Fasting Blood Sugar
Glycosylated Haemoglobin

Globulins
Serum Ammonia

Normal Values*
30 50 g/L
10 130 U/L
3.89 5.88 mmol/L
< 7%
7 8 % Excellent Control
8 9 % Good Control
9 10% Fair Control
> 10% Poor Control
23 35 g/L
: 11 -35 Umol/L

RENAL PROFILE TESTS

Nephrology concerns itself with the
diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases:
- electrolyte disturbances and hypertension ,
and the care of those requiring
renal replacement therapy , including
dialysis and renal transplant patients.
Many diseases affecting the kidney are
systemic disorders not limited to the organ
itself, and may require special treatment.
Examples include systemic vasculitides and
autoimmune diseases such as lupus.

LABORATORY TESTS

RENAL PROFILE TESTS

Test
Normal Values

Blood Urea Nitrogen *

Serum Bicarbonate
Serum Calcium*
Serum Chloride
Serum Creatinine*
Serum Magnesium
Serum Phosphorus
Serum Potassium*
Serum Sodium*
Serum Uric Acid*

3.2 8 mmol/L
22 26 mEq/L
2.02 2.60 mmol/L
99.9 110 mmol/L
53 133 mmol/L
1.4 2.1 mmol/L
0.42 1.97 mmol/L
4 4.5 mmol/L
135 145 mmol/L
0,13 0.44 mmol/L

BUN
Decreased BUN levels occur with
significant liver disease
Increased BUN levels may indicate
renal disease

Creatinine Clearance
(Cl
CR)
The rate at which
creatinine
( the

metabolic breakdown product of muscle

creatine phosphate) is removed from the
blood by the kidneys
[140-age(in years)] X body weight (in kg)
=
72
X
CCR (in mg/dL)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

ClCR-Creatinine Clearance, CCR- serum

creatinine concentration

LIPID PROFILE
VAP (Vertical Auto Profile)
- a cholesterol, lipid and lipoprotein test.
-VAP test includes categories of cholesterol
measurement in addition to the basic scores
(total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins,
low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides),
candidates for the comprehensive VAP (Vertical
Auto Profile) Test.:
- with family history /existing condition of
diabetes, high blood pressure or heart disease -or who are already taking cholesterol lowering
medication -- are

LABORATORY TESTS

Test

Serum cholesterol

Normal Values*
LIPID PROFILE
*

Serum triglycerides
HDL Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol

Total/HDL ratio

up to 200 mgs/dl
Borderline: Up to 239 mgs/dl
Elevated if>240 mgs/dL on repeated
values
< 180 mgs/dl
30 60 mgs/dl
Borderline: 100 190 mgs/dl
Risk: > 190 mgs/dl
Note: Formula for calculating LDL
Cholesterol is INVALID if TGL > 400
mgs/dl
:<4
Low Risk: 4 6
High Risk: > 6

HEPATIC ENZYMES

(
Liver function tests)
groups of clinical biochemistry

laboratory blood assays designed to

give information about the state of a
patient's liver.

LABORATORY TESTS
HEPATIC ENZYMES *
Test

Normal Values*

SGOT / Aspartate
Aminotransferase (AST)

Up to 34 34 U/L

SGPT / Alanine Aminotransferase

(ALT)

Up to 30 U/L

Serum Alkaline Phospatase (ALP)

36 92 U/L

Thyroid function tests

(TFTs)

collective term for blood tests

used to check the function of the
thyroid.
includes thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) and
thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine
(T3) depending on local laboratory
policy.

TFT
requested if a patient is thought to suffer
from hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid),
monitor the effectiveness of either
thyroid-suppression or hormone
replacement therapy.
requested routinely in conditions linked
to thyroid disease, such as atrial
fibrillation.

LABORATORY TESTS

THYROID FUNCTION TEST

Test

Free T4*
Free T3*
TSH *
Serum T3
Serum T4

Normal Values
0.8 2.0 ng/dl
2.3 4.2 pg/ml
0.25 4.30 microunits/ml
70 200 ng/dl
4.0 11.0 micrograms/dl

Cardiac markers
evaluate heart function.
often discussed in the context of
myocardial infarction, but other
conditions can lead to an elevation
in cardiac marker level.
early markers identified were
enzymes or"cardiac enzymes"

LABORATORY TESTS
Test

Normal Values

ENZYMES
PROTEINS
CPKCARDIAC
*
25 AND
2000 U/L
CK MB (creatine kinase
isoenzyme MB)*

LDH
LDH - 1
LDH - 2
SGOT (Serum glutamic

0 9 ng/ml or < 3% of total

CPK
0 280 U/L
20 36% of total LDH: <LDH2
32 50% of total LDH: > LDH1
< 42 U/L

oxaloacetic
*
Transaminase)
SGPT (Serum glutamic pyruvic
transaminase)*

0 48 U/L

Myoglobin *
Troponin 1
Troponin T

0 85 ng/ml
0,0 0.1 ng/ml
< 0.18 ng/ml

Urinalysis (or "UA")

array of tests performed on urine
and one of the most common
methods of medical diagnosis.[1]
A part can be performed by using
urine dipsticks, in which the test
results can be read as color changes.

LABORATORY TESTS
Color
Odor
Appearance
Specific gravity
pH
protein
Glucose
Na
K

URINALYSIS *

Straw dark yellow

Slightly aromatic
Clear
Infants: 1.002 1.006
Adult: 1.016 1.022
4.6 6.5
negative
negative
10 40 mEq/L
< 8 mEq/L

LABORATORY TESTS
URINALYSIS

Color
Cl
bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Ketones *
Occult Blood *
RBCs *
WBCs *
Bacteria *
Casts *
Crystals *

Straw dark yellow

< 8 mEq/L
negative
0.1 1 EU/100 ml
negative
negative
Female: 0 2/hpf, Male: 0/hpf
Female: 0 5/hpf, Male: 0 2/hpf
Negative on spun specimen
Hyaline, coarse, fine granular, RBC,
WBC, waxy casts
Interpreted by physician

Fecalysis/stool analysis
laboratory tests done on fecal samples to
analyze the condition of a person's digestive
tract
performed to check for the presence of any
reducing substances such as :
white blood cells (WBCs)
sugars, or bile
signs of poor absorption as well as screen
for
colon cancer.

LABORATORY TESTS
FECALYSIS *

Parameter

Results/Nor
mal Values

Parameter

Results/Nor
mal Values

Character

Formed

Pus

Negative

Color

Brown

Blood

Negative

Mucus

Negative

Occult Blood

Negative

Creatinine Clearane
Normal values
Male: 97 to 137 ml/min.
Female: 88 to 128 ml/min.

Creatinine Clearance
[140-age(in years)] X body weight (in kg)
=
72 X
CCR (in mg/dL)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

ClCR-Creatinine Clearance, CCR- serum

creatinine
concentration
Note: (Multiply result by 0.85 for
females
Using this formula, the unit of Cl Cr
is mL/min

Examples
1. Given:
Patient: Angela Marie P. Dela Cruz
Age: 780 months
Weight: 75kg
Height: 5 ft
CCr: 0.9mg/dL
Question: Is the Creatinine Clearance of the
patient within the normal range? Prove
your answer..

2. Given:
Patient: Gabriel Marie P. Dela Cruz
Age: 86
Weight: 175 lb
Height: 6 ft
CCr: 1.8mg/dL
Compute for the Creatinine Clearance of
the patient. Is it within the normal range?

E N D