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JJ 310
CHAPTER 6
TORSION
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Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lecture, student should be
able to;
i) Understand the definition of torsion
ii) Understand the general equation for
torsion
iii) Define the polar second moment of
inertia for solid and hollow shaft
iv) Understand the transmission of power
v) Understand the shafts in series and
parallel
vi) Solve the problem related to solid and
INTRODUCTION TO TORSION
Torsion is the stress produced in an object
Assumption in Torsion
The shaft has a uniform cross section
The shaft material is uniform throughout and the shear
Where;
= Shear stress (Pa)
L = Length (m)
R = Radius (m)
T = Torque (Nm)
G = Modulus of rigidity (Pa)
J = Polar 2nd
moment
= Angle of twist (Radian/Degree)
of area (m 4)
5
Other formulas
Polar 2nd moment of area for solid and hollow
shaft;
i) JSolid = d4
32
ii) JHollow = (D4 - d4)
32
D = outer diameter
d = inner diameter
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Examples
Example 1:
A solid steel shaft (G = 80 GPa) of circular
cross-section, length = 0.5 m, diameter =
20 mm, is twisted about its axis of
symmetry by applying a torque of 72Nm.
Calculate:
i) The maximum shear stress
ii) The angle of twist
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Solution to Example 1
Given; G = 80 GPa, L = 0.5 m, d = 20 mm, T = 72
Nm
JSolid = d4
i) Shear stress,
32
= TR
= (0.02)4
J
32
= 72 x (0.01)
= 1.57 x 10-8 m4
1.57 x 10-8
= 45.9 MPa #
= 0.03 rad #
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Example 2:
A shaft is made from tube 50mm
outer diameter
and 20mm inner
diameter. The shaft is 0.7m long and
subjected to a torque of 1200Nm.
Given G = 90 GPa.
Calculate;
i) Maximum shear stress
ii) Angle of twist
10
Solution to Example 2
i) Max shear stress
JHollow = (D4 - d4)
32
= TR
J
= (0.054-0.024)
32
= 1200 x (0.025)
5.98 x 10-7
= 5.98 x 10-7 m4
= 50.2 MPa #
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Transmission of Power
Shafts are the medium to transmit power from the
Example 1
A shaft is made from tube 25mm
outer diameter and 20mm inner
diameter. The shear stress must not
exceed 150MPa. Calculate the
maximum power that should be
transmitted at 500 rev/min.
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Solution to Example 1
Given;
N = 500 rev/min
d = 20 mm
D = 25 mm
= 150 MPa
JHollow = (D4 - d4)
32
= (0.0254 - 0.024)
32
= 2.26 x 10-8 m4
T = J
R
= (150 x106 ) x (2.26 x 10-8)
2.26 x 10-8
= 271.2 Nm
15
16
Shafts in Series
T1
Bar 1
Bar 2
T2
17
= TL
GJ
Thus;
= T1L1 + T2L2
G1J1 G2J2
=T
L1 +
G1J1
Known;
T = T1 = T2
L2
G2J2
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Shafts in Parallel
T1
Bar 1
Bar 2
T1
19
are same.
= 1 = 2
Thus;
= T1L1 = T2L2
G1J1
G2J2
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Exercise
1. A shaft is made of solid round bar 30mm diameter and
0.5m long. The shear stress must not exceed 200MPa.
Calculate; (Take G = 90 GPa)
i) The maximum torque (Answer: 1060 Nm)
ii) The angle of twist (Answer: 0.07 rad)
2. A steel shaft 5m long having diameter of 50 mm is to
transmit power at a rotational speed of 600 rev/min. If
the maximum shear stress is limited to 60MPa,
determine; (Take G = 80 GPa)
i) The maximum power (Answer: 92.5 KW)
ii) The angle of twist (in degree) (Answer: 8.6)
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