IP Addressing

To go somewhere on the Internet, you must type

a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
A query is sent to the nearest DNS (Domain
Name System) server to translate the URL to an
IP address.
Routers and switches that run the Internet dont
recognize domain names.
All internet addresses are IP addresses.
IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) issues
IP addresses.
InterNIC (Internets Network Information Center)
it is the organization that issues domain names.

IP Addressing

These two organization make sure that IP

addresses and domain names are unique.
Every node on the Internet must have an IP
address.
IP addresses are 32 bits long and divided into
four sections, each 8bits long, called octets.
From bits to dotted-decimal format

Invented so people called read binary IP addresses

Dotted decimal takes its name from the fact that it
converts bits to decimal numbers for each octet,
punctuated with periods.

IP Addressing

Two reserved addresses

Broadcast octet 255

Network Octet 0

IP address classes

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) divided IP

addresses into three general classes (plus two
specialized ones).
This designation of ranges is called the first octet
rule.
The majority of networks are numbered using
either Class B or Class C IP addresses. The first
octet ranges for each class are as follows:

IP Addressing

0 to 127 Class A

range of network numbers is 0.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0 for

128 networks.
However, the network must not consist of only 0's,
and 127.0.0.0 is reserved for loopback. What's left
are 126 networks-1 to 126
There are 16,777,214 possible host addresses
(16,777,216 minus 2).

128 to 191 Class B

range of network numbers is 128.0.0.0 to

191.255.0.0 for 16,384 networks.
There are 65,534 possible host addresses (65,536
minus 2).

IP Addressing

192 to 223 Class C

224 to 254

range of network numbers is 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0 for

2,097,152 networks.
There are 254 possible host addresses (256 minus 2).
Are reserved for two special classes (multicasting and
research)

Private Addressing

The IANA reserved three blocks of IP addresses for private

addresses.
A private IP address is one that is not registered with the IANA
and will not be used beyond the bounds of the enterprise's
internetwork-in other words, not on the Internet.
Privately numbered internetworks are also sometimes called
private internets.

IP Addressing

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

The 172 block is 16 contiguous Class B network

numbers.

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

The 10 block is a single Class A network number.

The 192 block is 256 contiguous Class C network

numbers.

Two IP address translation services are used to

assign valid public Internet IP numbers temporarily
to hosts with permanent private IP addresses.

One technique is Network Address Translation (NAT), and

the other is Port Address Translation (PAT).

IP Addressing

NAT assigns unique reusable public IPs

PAT assigns global address
Advantage of Private Addressing

virtually unlimited address space for numbering

internal networks and hosts.
hackers see no indication of the private
internetwork's topology.

Subnetting

Subnetting is the practice of squeezing more network

addresses out of a given IP address than are available
by default.
IP address classes define which bits, by default, will
address networks versus hosts. What by default means
here is that upon reading the first octet in an address, a
router knows which bits to treat as network address
bits.
However, in the real world, most enterprises need more
network address space than they are assigned by their
ISPs. This creates the need to "cheat" by claiming some
of the default host bits for use in addressing networks.
This is done by reassigning bits from the host portion of
the IP address to the network portion.

Subnetting

Whole Octet Subnet Example

Class B public IP address 151.22.0.0

Subnetted the entire third octet
254 subnetworks
254 hosts per subnetwork

What Subnet Masks Look Like and Where

They Exist
All subnet masks are 32 bits in length.
masks are not addresses
they are overlays that define how an IP
address is to be used

Subnetting

They differ from IP addresses in two key ways:

Form A subnet mask is represented as a string
of 1's in binary, or a number-like 255-in dotteddecimal format.
Location A subnet mask is applied to a specific
host network interface and within the
configuration file of the router to which the
subnetwork is attached.
Ex. The interface's proper IP address is
151.22.1.1 (a Class B address), and the
subsequent 255.255.255.0 tells the router to
subnet the entire third octet

Subnetting

Partial Octet Subnetting

In most cases, however, subnets aren't quite so
simple. This is because most enterprises are issued
Class C IP addresses, where only the fourth octet is
reserved, by default, as host address space. In
these cases, the subnet mask extends only partway
into the host address space, and is thus represented
by a dotted-decimal number less than 255.
Ex. 209.98.208.34 255.255.255.240

This is one of two so-called .240 masks-this one

permitting up to 14 subnets. Each subnet in this example
has enough address space for 14 hosts-for a total of 196
possible hosts.

Subnetting

Subnetting

Subnetting is a mechanism for using some

bits in the host ID octets as a subnet-id.
Without subnetting = network-id + host id
With subnetting = net-id + subnet-id +
host-id
Subnet is a subdivision of a network
Subnetting is used when a single network
ID is subdivided into multiple network IDs
by applying custom subnet mask.

Subnetting

Defining Networks by IP address

01-126 class A
hosts 16, 777,
214
128 191 class B
hosts 65, 534
192 223 class C
hosts 254

In binary

Class A starts at 0
Class B starts at 10
Class C starts at 110

Subnetting

Subdividing a network

Internetwork are networks made up of individual

segments connected by routers.
The reason for having distinct segments are as
follows:

To permit physically remote LAN connections.

To mix network technologies such as Ethernet and token
ring, on a single logical network
To allow an unlimited number of hosts to communicate,
regardless of the underlying topology.
To reduce network congestion because broadcasts and
logical network traffic are limited to the logical segment

Each segment is a subnet of the internetwork and

requires a unique network ID.

Five Steps of Subnetting a Network

Step 1: Determine the Number of Network

IDs Required

A unique network ID is required for each of the

following :

Each subnet
Each WAN connection

Step 2: Determine the number of Host IDs

per Subnet Required

A host ID is required for each of the following:

Each TCP/IP computer network interface card

Each TCP/IP printer network interface card
Each router interface on each subnet

Five Steps of Subnetting a Network

Step 3: Define the Subnet Mask

Gives the desired number of subnets and allows

enough host per subnet
Ex. Class B network ID of 129.20
Default subnet mask 255.255.0.0
Valid host IDs 129.20.1.1 129.20.255.254
IP address 129.20.16.1
Binary 1000001.00010100.00010000.00000001
Subnet mask
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Network ID 10000001.00010100

Five Steps of Subnetting a Network

Step

3: Define the Subnet Mask

Ex. Add 3 bits
New subnet mask 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
255.255.224.0
Can create different network IDs
10000001.00010100.001 129.20.32
10000001.00010100.010 129.20.64
10000001.00010100.011 129.20.96
10000001.00010100.100 129.20.128
10000001.00010100.101 129.20.160
10000001.00010100.111 129.20.192
Step 4: Define the Network IDs to Use
Step 5: Define the Host IDs to Use