Network Essentials (I) - Basic Network Concept

ANU Software Technologies
Module 1
Network Essentials (I) Basic Network Concept
Module 1
Network Essentials (II)
Internet Protocol & Architecture
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Development of

TCP/IP protocol.
Introduction to TCP/IP
Main Network Level Services
International Standards Organisation
Open System Interconnection (OSI)

Reference Model
Background
Research project funded by DARPA
ARPA & ARPANET setup to link military

CPUs
Design published 1974
Implementations 1979 to 1983
Compulsory requirement from 1983
DARPA funded Berkeley UNIX
Standards published as RFCs
DOD Concepts
Application
Processes are entities that communicate
Processes execute on hosts
Hosts are connected by networks.
Internet et
Virtual Network
Net 1
G2
Net 2
G1
G3
Net 5
Net 3
G4
Net 4
G5
G=Internet Gateway
DOD Architecture
Process
Process or Application
FTP, SMTP,
TELNET
Host-toHost
End-to-end exchange
between processes
TCP, UDP
Internet
Data exchange between

IP, ICMP
hosts regardless of network
Network
Access
Data exchange between

devices on same network
X.25, 802.3,
802.5
DOD vs. OSI

Application
Process
Presentation
Host-to-Host
Session
Transport
Internet
Network
Data Link
Network
Access
Physical
DOD
OSI
Module 2
TCP/IP Primer
Overview
What is TCP/IP?
What is an IP Address ?
What is a Subnet ?
What is a Subnet Mask ?
What is IP Routing ?
What is DHCP ?
TCP/IP Naming Schemes
Dial-up Networking and RAS Overview
What is TCP/IP ?
Industry-Standard Suite of Protocols
Routable Enterprise Networking Protocol
Technology for Connecting Dissimilar

Systems
Robust, Scaleable, Cross-Platform

Client/Server Framework
Method of Gaining Access to the Internet
What is an IP Address?
194
125
133.120.75.8
129.102.12.7
131.120.0.0
131.107.0.0
129.102.16.2
131.107.3.27
Network ID and Host ID

32 Bits
Network ID
Class B
W
Host ID
Example: 131.107.3.24
Address Classes
Class A
Network ID
Number of
Host ID
Class B
Network ID
Networks
Number of
Hosts per
Network
126
16,777,214
16,384
65,534
2,09,152
254
Host ID
1 0
Class C
11 0
Network ID
Host ID
Address Class Summary

Number of
Networks
Number of
Hosts per
Network
Range of
Network IDs
(first Octet)
Class A
126
16,777,214
1 - 126
Class B
16,384
65,534
128 - 191
Class C
2,09,152
254
192 - 223
Assigning Network IDs
Router
124.x.y.z
124.x.y.z
Router
192.121.73.z
192.121.73.z
131.107.y.z
131.107.y.z
Host Addressing Guidelines
Host ID must be unique within the Network

ID
Host ID cannot be 255 (All Bits Set to 1)
255 is a Broadcast address
Host ID cannot be 0 (All Bits Set to 0)
0 means This Network Only
Address Class
Beginning range
Ending range
Class A
w.0.0.1
w.255.255.254
Class B
w.x.0.1
w.x.255.254
Class C
w.x.y.1
w.x.y.254
Common Addressing Problems
Network IDs on the Local Network do not

match.
Local hosts cannot communicate.
Host IDs on the Local Network are Duplicate.
Windows NT based hosts cannot

initialize.
Other TCP/IP based hosts may not be

able to communicate.
Other TCP/IP based hosts could hang.
What is a Host Name?
An Alias used to reference a TCP/IP Host
Provides a simplified way to access a TCP/IP

Host
Used by Ping and other TCP/IP utilities
Host names are not used in Windows NT

Commands
Entries are stored in the HOSTS File or DNS
Viewed with the Host name utility
What is a Domain Name?

EDU
EDU
COM
COM
GOV
GOV
WWWI
WWWI
Training
Training
MyComputer
MyComputer
Marketing
Marketing
Mycomputer.training.wwwi.com
What is Host Name Resolution
The Process of Mapping a Host name to an IP Address
Standard Host Name Resolution is done using:
Local Host Name
HOSTS file
DNS
Microsoft-Specific Host Name resolution is done using:
WINS
Local Broadcast
LMHOSTS file
The Methods that can be used are Configurable
Resolving Names with a HOSTS File
Ping
PingHostB
HostB
Router
HostB = 131.107.7.29
ts
s
Ho le
Fi
Name
Resolution
Hostname = Host A
IP Address = 131.107.3.24
ARP
ARP
IP Address
Resolved
Hostname = Host B
IP Address = 131.107.7.29
Resolving name with a Domain

name Server (DNS)
Ping
PingHostB.training.wwwi.com
HostB.training.wwwi.com
Router
Domain Name
Server
ARP
ARP
Name
Resolution
IP Address
Resolved
Domain Name =
HostB.training.wwwi.com
DNS Overview
Local Name Server
.
.
Name
NameServer
Server
DNS
DNS
.com
.com
Name
NameServer
Server
DNS
Universal.com
Universal.com
Name
NameServer
Server
DNS
Resolver
Module 3
Intranet, Extranet and
Internet Security
OVERVIEW
Introduction to Intranets
Intranet Planning Process
Intranet Applications
Intranet Advantage
Introduction to Extranets
Models of Extranets Infrastructure
Intranet, Extranet and Internet Security
Intranets
Application of Internet technologies to internal

business applications
It is a means of sharing information within an

organisation
Intranets are local to the organisation
Network Protocol used in Intranets - TCP/IP
Remote
User
Access Intranet
Information
Proxy
Intranet
server
Dept Y
Internet
Dept Z
Intranet Requirement
Hardware
Server with at least of 64MB RAM with Windows NT or

UNIX installed
Software
Web Server Software
Proxy Server Software
Mail Server Software
Network Connection
Network Protocol - TCP/IP
Hardware - Routers/Gateways, Modems
Communication Media - Leased Lines, Satlinks or

Telephone line
Extranet
Extranet are primarily networks that are set-up to

enable anyone outside an organisation to access
internal data
An extension of intranets but with added security
Provides distinct business advantages e.g. lower cost,

speed of transactions and etc
Increase use of extranet in business to provide higher

value services
Encryption
Forms of Encryption
Secret key
Public key
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
Firewalls
Firewalls
Internal
Network
Internet
Router
Gateway
Computer
Overview
Basic Network Concepts
Network Types
Network Components
Network Protocols
Network Architecture
High Speed Connections
Basic Network Concepts
Network is an Interconnection of two or more

computers for the purpose of sharing information
and resources.
Basic Terminology used:

LAN
Administrator
WAN
Network bandwidth
Node
Network load
Host
Network overhead
Terminal
Network lag and
Workstation
Interoperability
Types of Networks
Workstation
Workstation
Peer to Peer Networks

Printer
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Client/Server Networks
Server
Printer
Workstation
Network Components
Server: Manages applications, data and resources
Centralized/Dedicated
High performance, fast and efficient computers

Clients/Workstations: Lets users access servers
information and resources
Monochrome diskless workstation to multimedia

enhanced, complete desktop systems
Communication Media:
Network Interface Cards

Network Medium
Modems
Hubs
Bridges, Routers and Gateways
What is a Protocol
A set of rules
Define the procedures, conventions and methods

used to transmit data
The Internet protocol basically:
Takes a stream of data.
Breaks it into packets.
Transmits them over the network.
Reassembles the packets (at the receiving

side).
Sends the data stream to the user.
Architecture
A set of standards that define how to send signals
over the network and how to regulate the resulting
traffic
ISO developed the Open Systems Interconnection

Reference Model
OSI-RM uses Seven Layers

Application
Presentation
Session
Upper layers
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
Network Bus
Lower layers
High Speed Internet Connection
Connection Type
Speed
Relative Imaginary Speed
Frame Relay
56 Kbps
2.5 Inches
ISDN
128 Kbps
6.25 Inches
Frame Relay (T-1)
1.544 Mbps
22.5 Inches
T-3
45 Mbps
10 feet
ATM (OC3c, OC12c)
155 Mbps
Small
Smalland
andMedium
Medium
Rivers
Rivers
622 Mbps
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN is an end-to-end digital network that handles

voice, text, images, sound and video over telephone
lines.
Multiple simultaneous connections over a single

ISDN line.
Two types of ISDN connections:
BRI - Basic Rate Interface (2B+1D)
Two 64 Kbps Channels
One 16 Kbps Data signal Channel.
PRI - Primary Rate Interface(30B+1D)
Thirty 64 Kbps Channels.
One 16 Kbps Data Signal Channel.
ISDN (Continued)
ISDN provides the following features:
ISDN permits data transmission upto 128 Kbps without

any compression and reaches upto 512 Kbps when
compressed.
ISDN is an on-demand service.
Connection is very quick.
ISDN offers 100% reliability.
CLIP (Caller Line Identification Presentation).
CUG (Closed User Groups).
AOC (Advice Of Charge).
Sufficient bandwidth to perform Video Conferencing.
Ethernet compatibility.
Router compatibility.
T-1, T-3 and Beyond
T-1, Used by Internet users to describe a digital

connection capable of moving data at roughly 1.5 Mbps
Most ISPs are themselves connected to the Internet

with one or more T-1 circuits
T-3 is the fastest common circuit found on the Internet

today (Moves data at roughly 45 Mbps)
T-3 is equivalent to 30 T-1s
The Internet backbone is primarily a T-3
Beyond T-3 are the newest technologies such as:

Fast Ethernet- 100 Mbps
OC3c- 155 Mbps
OC12c- 622 Mbps
Cable Modems
Cable Networks have very high bandwidths.
By simply adding potential channels dedicated to

Internet usage, or removing a few existing channels,
the cable provider will have more than enough room
for the digital information an Internet user would
want.
Technical hurdle - How to deliver high-speed

Internet access to the home when the capacity of
the individual cable company system far surpasses
that of the Internet backbone itself ?

Network Essentials (I) - Basic Network Concept

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ANU Software Technologies

ANU Software Technologies

ANU Software Technologies

Background to the Development of

Main Network Level Services

International Standards Organisation

Open System Interconnection (OSI)

ANU Software Technologies

Research project funded by DARPA

ARPA & ARPANET setup to link military

Design published 1974

Implementations 1979 to 1983

Compulsory requirement from 1983

DARPA funded Berkeley UNIX

Standards published as RFCs

ANU Software Technologies

Processes are entities that communicate

Processes execute on hosts

Hosts are connected by networks.

ANU Software Technologies

ANU Software Technologies

Data exchange between

Data exchange between

DOD vs. OSI

ANU Software Technologies

ANU Software Technologies

ANU Software Technologies

What is a Subnet Mask ?

ANU Software Technologies

Industry-Standard Suite of Protocols

Routable Enterprise Networking Protocol

Technology for Connecting Dissimilar

Robust, Scaleable, Cross-Platform

Method of Gaining Access to the Internet

ANU Software Technologies

Network ID and Host ID

ANU Software Technologies

ANU Software Technologies

ANU Software Technologies

Address Class Summary

Assigning Network IDs

ANU Software Technologies

Host Addressing Guidelines

ANU Software Technologies

Host ID must be unique within the Network

Common Addressing Problems

Network IDs on the Local Network do not

ANU Software Technologies

Local hosts cannot communicate.

Host IDs on the Local Network are Duplicate.

Windows NT based hosts cannot

Other TCP/IP based hosts may not be

Other TCP/IP based hosts could hang.

ANU Software Technologies

What is a Host Name?

An Alias used to reference a TCP/IP Host

Provides a simplified way to access a TCP/IP

Used by Ping and other TCP/IP utilities

Host names are not used in Windows NT

Entries are stored in the HOSTS File or DNS

Viewed with the Host name utility

What is a Domain Name?

ANU Software Technologies