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Q3).

A 3 F capacitor and a 6 F capacitor are connected in series


across an 18 V battery. Determine the equivalent capacitance and total
charge deposited.
a

Given:

+Q1

C1
V=Vab

C2

V = 18 V
C1= 3 F
C2= 6 F
Find:
Ceq=?
Q=?
1

Q 1
+Q2

Q 2

First determine equivalent capacitance


of C1 and C2:
C1C2
Ceq

C1 C2

2 F

Next, determine the charge


Q C V 2 10 F 18V 3.6 10
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1 / Ceq = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2
Two capacitors in series and
the equivalent capacitor.
V = V1 + V2 and Q = C V

1
1
1
1
1

...
Ceq C1 C2 C3
CN

Capacitors in parallel
Adding capacitors in
parallel,
Vtot = V1 = V2, so

Ctot C1 C2 L

Parallel combination
Connecting a battery to the parallel combination of capacitors is
equivalent to introducing the same potential difference for both
capacitors,
V1 V2 V

a
C1
V=Vab

+Q1 C2

+Q2

Q1

Q2

By definition,
Thus, Ceq
would be
5

A total charge transferred to the


system from the battery is the sum
of charges of the two capacitors,
Q1 Q2 Q

Q1 C1V1
Ceq

Q2 C2V2

Q Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2

V
V
V
V
V1 V2

Ceq C1 C2

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Q1 Q2 Q
V1 V2 V

Ceq = C1 + C2
Two capacitors in parallel and
the equivalent capacitor.
Q = Q1 + Q2 and Q = C V

The parallel-plate capacitor


The capacitance of a device
depends on the geometric
arrangement of the conductors

A
C 0
d
where A is the area of one of the
plates, d is the separation, 0 is a
constant (permittivity of free
space),

+Q
d

-Q

1
ke
4 0

0= 8.8510-12 C2/Nm2
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Q 4). A parallel plate capacitor has plates 2.00 m2 in area, separated by


a distance of 5.00 mm. A potential difference of 10,000 V is applied
across the capacitor. Determine the capacitance the charge on each
plate
Given:
Solution:
Since we are dealing with the parallelV=10,000 V
plate capacitor, the capacitance can be
A = 2.00 m2
found as
A
2.00 m 2
12
2
2
C 0 8.85 10 C N m
d = 5.00 mm
d
5.00 103 m
Find:
C?
Q=?

3.54 109 F 3.54 nF

Once the capacitance is known, the


charge can be found from the definition
of a capacitance via charge and potential
difference:

Q C V 3.54 10 9 F 10000V 3.54 105 C


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Energy stored in a charged capacitor

Consider a battery connected to a capacitor


A battery must do work to move electrons
from one plate to the other. The work done
to move a small charge q across a voltage
V is W = V q.
As the charge increases, V increases so the
work to bring q increases. Using calculus
we find that the energy (U) stored on a
capacitor is given by:

12
Q
1
U

QV

CV
22C
2
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q
Q

Energy in capacitors

1
1
2
UC QV CV
2
2
W = qVave

Example: electric field energy in parallel-plate capacitor


Find electric field energy density (energy per unit volume) in a
parallel-plate capacitor
Recall

and11o, the energy density is

1
U CV 2
2
0 A
C
volume Ad V Ed
d
u U / volume energy density
Thus,
1 0 A
=
( Ed ) 2 /( Ad )
2 d
1
u 0E2
2

Example 1 : Parallel-Plate
Capacitor
1. Calculate field
strength E as a
function of charge
Q on the plates
2. Integrate field to
calculate potential
V between the
plates
3. Q=CV, C = Q/V

Area A

+Q

Dielectric constant
E

Separation d
Area A

-Q

Example 1:
Parallel plate capacitor
When the plates are charged, one plate
has charge +Q, and the other -Q, so we
say that the charge on the capacitor is Q.
For parallel plates, V = Ed and E = 0,
where = Q/A is the charge density on
the plates, so
0

A
C
d

Example 2:
A charged sphere of radius R

If the charge on the sphere is Q, the


potential at the surface is V = kQ/R
The capacitance is then

R
C 4 0 R
k

Figure 20-16
Capacitance and the Computer Keyboard

Charging capacitors in RC
circuits
When switch is first closed, uncharged
capacitor acts like a wire, with no
voltage drop across it (t = 0)
After a long time, once the capacitor is
fully charged, it acts like an open switch
(t infinity)
When switch is first closed on a
charged capacitor, it acts like a battery

Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in its
electric field. A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric). When a voltage
source is connected to the capacitor, the source deposits a
positive charge, +q, on one plate and a negative charge, q,
on the other. The amount of charge is directly proportional to
the voltage so that

q Cv

+q
-q

+q
-q

Capacitors
C, called the capacitance of the capacitor, is the constant of
proportionality. C is measured in Farads (F). From

q Cv

we define:
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a
capacitor to the voltage difference between the two
plates, measured in Farad (F). Thus, 1F = 1 coulomb/volt
In reality, the value of C depends on the surface area of the
plates, the spacing between the plates, and the permitivity of
the material.

The capacitor has the following important


properties:
1. When the voltage across a capacitor is constant (not
changing with time) the current through the capacitor:
i = C dv/dt = 0
Thus, a capacitor is an open circuit to dc. If, however, a
dc voltage is suddenly connected across a capacitor, the
capacitor begins to charge (store energy).
2. The voltage across a capacitor must be continuous, since a
jump (a discontinuity) change in the voltage would require
an infinite current, which is physically impossible. Thus, a
capacitor resists an abrupt change in the voltage across it,
and the voltage across a capacitor cannot change
instantaneously, whereas, the current can.

The capacitor has the following important properties:


3. The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power
from the circuit when storing energy and returns previously
stored energy when delivering power to the circuit.
4. A real, non-ideal, capacitor has a leakage resistance which
is modeled as shown below. The leakage resistance may be
as high as 100M, and can be neglected for most practical
applications.

In this course we will always assume that the capacitors are


ideal.

Energy Storing in Capacitor


dv
p vi Cv
dt
v (t )
dv
1 2
w pdt C v dt C v ( ) vdv Cv
dt
2
t

1
w(t ) Cv 2 (t )
2
q 2 (t )
w(t )
2C

( v( ) 0)

+
v

v (t )
v ( )

i
C

21

dv
iC
dt

1 t
v(t ) idt
C

1 t
v(t ) idt v(to)
C to

v() 0

v(to) q(to) / C

+
v

i
C

The charge on a capacitor is an integration


of current through the capacitor. Hence, the
memory effect counts.
22

Energy Density
1
1 0 A 2 2
2
W CV
E d
2
2 d
1
1
2
2
W 0 AE d 0 E (Vol )
2
2
W
1
2
EnergyDensity
0E
Vol 2

Energy stored in the capacitor


The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is

dv
p (t ) vi Cv
dt
The energy stored in the capacitor is thus
t
dv
w p (t )dt C v dt C vdv

dt
t

1 2
w Cv (t ) joules
2

Example: stored energy


In the circuit shown V = 48V, C1 = 9F, C2 = 4F and C3 = 8F.
(a) determine the equivalent capacitance of the circuit,
(b) determine the energy stored in the combination by
calculating the energy stored in the equivalent capacitance.

C1
V
C2

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C3

In the circuit shown V = 48V, C1 = 9F, C2 = 4F


and C3 = 8F.
C
(a) determine the equivalent capacitance of V
the circuit,
C
(b) determine the energy stored in the
combination by calculating the energy stored
in the equivalent capacitance,
First determine equivalent capacitance of C2 and C3:
Given
C23 C2 C3 12 F
V = 48
Next, determine equivalent capacitance of the
C1= 9 F
circuit by noting that C1 and C23 are connected
C2= 4 F
in series
C1C23
C

5.14 F
eq
123
C3= 8 F
C1 C23
Find:
The energy stored in the capacitor C123 is then
Ceq=?
1
1
2
2
6
3
U

CV

5.14

10
F
48
V

5.9

10
J

U =?
2
2
1

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C3

Example
Find the equivalent capacitance seen
between terminals a and b of the circuit

27

Example
20 F and 5 F capacitors are in series :

Solution:

20 5

4 F
20 5
4 F capacitor is in parallel with the 6 F
and 20 F capacitors:
4 6 20 30 F
30 F capacitor is in series with
the 60 F capacitor.
30 60
Ceq
F 20 F
30 60
28

Inductors
Energy Storage Devices

Energy Storage Form


An inductor is a passive element
designed to store energy in the
magnetic field while a capacitor stores
energy in the electric field.

30

Inductors
An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire

N A
L
l
2

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