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Given:
+Q1
C1
V=Vab
C2
V = 18 V
C1= 3 F
C2= 6 F
Find:
Ceq=?
Q=?
1
Q 1
+Q2
Q 2
C1 C2
2 F
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11
1 / Ceq = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2
Two capacitors in series and
the equivalent capacitor.
V = V1 + V2 and Q = C V
1
1
1
1
1
...
Ceq C1 C2 C3
CN
Capacitors in parallel
Adding capacitors in
parallel,
Vtot = V1 = V2, so
Ctot C1 C2 L
Parallel combination
Connecting a battery to the parallel combination of capacitors is
equivalent to introducing the same potential difference for both
capacitors,
V1 V2 V
a
C1
V=Vab
+Q1 C2
+Q2
Q1
Q2
By definition,
Thus, Ceq
would be
5
Q1 C1V1
Ceq
Q2 C2V2
Q Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
V
V
V
V
V1 V2
Ceq C1 C2
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Q1 Q2 Q
V1 V2 V
Ceq = C1 + C2
Two capacitors in parallel and
the equivalent capacitor.
Q = Q1 + Q2 and Q = C V
A
C 0
d
where A is the area of one of the
plates, d is the separation, 0 is a
constant (permittivity of free
space),
+Q
d
-Q
1
ke
4 0
0= 8.8510-12 C2/Nm2
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12
Q
1
U
QV
CV
22C
2
9
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q
Q
Energy in capacitors
1
1
2
UC QV CV
2
2
W = qVave
1
U CV 2
2
0 A
C
volume Ad V Ed
d
u U / volume energy density
Thus,
1 0 A
=
( Ed ) 2 /( Ad )
2 d
1
u 0E2
2
Example 1 : Parallel-Plate
Capacitor
1. Calculate field
strength E as a
function of charge
Q on the plates
2. Integrate field to
calculate potential
V between the
plates
3. Q=CV, C = Q/V
Area A
+Q
Dielectric constant
E
Separation d
Area A
-Q
Example 1:
Parallel plate capacitor
When the plates are charged, one plate
has charge +Q, and the other -Q, so we
say that the charge on the capacitor is Q.
For parallel plates, V = Ed and E = 0,
where = Q/A is the charge density on
the plates, so
0
A
C
d
Example 2:
A charged sphere of radius R
R
C 4 0 R
k
Figure 20-16
Capacitance and the Computer Keyboard
Charging capacitors in RC
circuits
When switch is first closed, uncharged
capacitor acts like a wire, with no
voltage drop across it (t = 0)
After a long time, once the capacitor is
fully charged, it acts like an open switch
(t infinity)
When switch is first closed on a
charged capacitor, it acts like a battery
Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in its
electric field. A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric). When a voltage
source is connected to the capacitor, the source deposits a
positive charge, +q, on one plate and a negative charge, q,
on the other. The amount of charge is directly proportional to
the voltage so that
q Cv
+q
-q
+q
-q
Capacitors
C, called the capacitance of the capacitor, is the constant of
proportionality. C is measured in Farads (F). From
q Cv
we define:
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a
capacitor to the voltage difference between the two
plates, measured in Farad (F). Thus, 1F = 1 coulomb/volt
In reality, the value of C depends on the surface area of the
plates, the spacing between the plates, and the permitivity of
the material.
1
w(t ) Cv 2 (t )
2
q 2 (t )
w(t )
2C
( v( ) 0)
+
v
v (t )
v ( )
i
C
21
dv
iC
dt
1 t
v(t ) idt
C
1 t
v(t ) idt v(to)
C to
v() 0
v(to) q(to) / C
+
v
i
C
Energy Density
1
1 0 A 2 2
2
W CV
E d
2
2 d
1
1
2
2
W 0 AE d 0 E (Vol )
2
2
W
1
2
EnergyDensity
0E
Vol 2
dv
p (t ) vi Cv
dt
The energy stored in the capacitor is thus
t
dv
w p (t )dt C v dt C vdv
dt
t
1 2
w Cv (t ) joules
2
C1
V
C2
25
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C3
5.14 F
eq
123
C3= 8 F
C1 C23
Find:
The energy stored in the capacitor C123 is then
Ceq=?
1
1
2
2
6
3
U
CV
5.14
10
F
48
V
5.9
10
J
U =?
2
2
1
26
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C3
Example
Find the equivalent capacitance seen
between terminals a and b of the circuit
27
Example
20 F and 5 F capacitors are in series :
Solution:
20 5
4 F
20 5
4 F capacitor is in parallel with the 6 F
and 20 F capacitors:
4 6 20 30 F
30 F capacitor is in series with
the 60 F capacitor.
30 60
Ceq
F 20 F
30 60
28
Inductors
Energy Storage Devices
30
Inductors
An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire
N A
L
l
2
31