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Urban designAll planning aspects with reference to all types of human activities in and
around built environment and also natural environment.
Interdisciplinary
Between Architecture and town/urban planning
Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups
of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city.
Involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport
systems, services, and amenities.
Involve design of cities, neighborhood, satellite cities, ecology,
environmental design, conservation of heritage, connectivity, street pattern,
etc.
blends architecture, landscape architecture, and city planning together to
make urban areas functional and attractive.

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Connectionspeople and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric.

ConceptsPublic realm, Place making, urban space, plazas, squares,

image making, public vistas, landmarks, focal points
Safety-connectivity

ScaleRegional level-city and town

Neighborhood level- district and corridor
Block level- street and building

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Urban designIncludes
Connectivity

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Mixed uses-commercial, educational etc.

Densities

Housing

Landscape

Conservation

S
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Transportation

Sustainability
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Urban designAims that

Quality of Life
Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living,
and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.
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To make the city humane

-To relate urban forms to natural settings

-To weave new centers into the urban fabric
-To complement the monumental with the mundane
-To complement urbane with the nature
-To create key focal sites
- to make the city a harbor of diversity

Principles of scale- of masses, of spaces, of activity areas

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Scale in Urban design

To make the city humane

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-To relate urban forms to natural

settings

Scale in Urban design

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To complement the monumental

with the mundane

To complement urbane with the

nature

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Scale in Urban design

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To create key focal sites

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Principles of scale- of masses, of spaces, of activity areas

Masses
Buildings are the most pronounced
elements of urban design - they
shape and articulate space by
forming the street walls of the city.

Spaces
Great public spaces are the living room
of the city - the place where people
come together to enjoy the city and
They form the
each other.
stage and

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backdrop to the
drama of life.
Activities
Streets, Markets, plazas and
squares, to small, local
neighborhood parks.
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Conceptualizing factors: urban spaces, urban mass, circulation patterns,

urban scale , the process of urban growth and change.
The components of urban form
Urban mass- built form, heritage structures, monuments, landmarks
Urban Spaces- streets, plaza, squares, nodes, open spaces,

Public
Realm

parks, transportation etc.

Circulation pattern- organic, ring, grid, rail, roads,
connections, etc.

Urban growthskyscape.

Connections

sprawl, area growth, density, texture,

Open to all
Gives character
Creates image
Allows interaction
Safety
Values
Place making

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The physical city, is a system of activity areas, spaces,

masses and circulation systems which are constantly
undergoing change.
The arrangements of the physical form of the city is the
objective of urban design.
Thus the proper application of the elements of urban design
may be thought of as principles:
-the proper array of urban masses
-the proper deployment of urban spaces
-the functional deployment and mixture of urban
activities and
-the
movement

functional

arrangement

of

patterns

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Brazilian capital Brasilia was planned and developed

in 1956 with Lcio Costa as the principal urban planner
and Oscar Niemeyer as the principal architect.
Viewed from above, the main portion of the city
resembles an airplane or a butterfly

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, is

the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the
Residence Act approved the creation of a capital district
located along the Potomac River on the country's East
Coast

Canberra from space: Australia's capital is an entirely plannedcity

outside of any state

La Plata, Argentina, is designed based on a rationalist

conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a
square with a central park and two main diagonal
avenues, north-south and east-west, copied in a selfsimilar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in
length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or
square

Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King

William IV, Adelaide was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for a freely
settled British province in Australia.

Reading the city

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Visual Survey

Kevin Lynch-investigator of Urban Form

Peoples impression ---------- more than visual
Each person
perception
memories

Memories, experiences,
smell, hope, crowd, places,
---------- buildings

Impressions map
of city

Mental picture of parts in

---------- relationship to one another

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Architecture affects this collective image

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1960 - Image of the City by Kevin Lynch

basic elements of "imageability"

paths
edges
nodes
districts
landmarks

Boston,
Jersey,
Los Angeles

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Paths

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Paths

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Nodes

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District
Edges

I
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CITY CORE AREA

ADMINISTRATIVE
NODE

COMMERCIAL NODE

LAKE

TRANSPORTION
NODE
FORT

Landmarks

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Personality of the city- tapestry of embellishing characteristics

Character of the city- non physical aspects

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1) LAND FORM
Radio centric form

Moscow

Star form

Rectilinear/grid pattern Linear form

Chandigarh

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Navi Mumbai

Branch form

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1) LAND FORM
Spread/ Articulated form

Polycentric / Constellation

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2) PATTERN, GRAIN, TEXTURE

Christopher Alexander
-important to study the underlying principles of good form, city.
-these principles can be expressed in terms of abstract relations.
-A city is not a tree
A set of collection of elements which for some reason we think of as
belonging together.
Sets of people, cars, houses, gardens etc.
Two categories: Fixed parts and changing parts of the system
Each can be numbered and each category in turn can have sub
categories and their branches
-Pattern Language
253 patterns at three scales
Independent regions, distribution of towns, city country,
Agricultural valleys, lace of country streets
Mosaic of subcultures, community , neighbourhood boundaries.
4 storey limit, shopping street, small public spaces, public outdoor
rooms, building complex.
shielded parking , pedestrian street, courtyards that live, arcades.

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3) URBAN SPACE AND OPEN SPACE

Rob Krier
Leon Krier
Thinking of Urban space on Rationalist lines
-in and around Stuttgart
-as inserting streets and squares where appropriate within the existing context.
-Plazas, shopping streets, an open courtyard, covered galleria, open market,
interchange between metro-car-buses.
Book- Urban space
-includes a study of urban types-especially of sections
-350 examples in plan of urban spaces in different cities of Europe.
-defines concepts of urban space as open, comprising all types of spaces,
between buildings in towns and localities, ranging from courtyard within individual
building to wide open spaces(including landscape, water bodies, mountain slopes,
group of buildings).
-Analysis followed by history-Le Corbusier
-Reads the city as formed of urban spaces- like streets, open spaces, squares,
form of these may be pure geometric , which may be twisted, divided, added,
penetrated, overlapped.
-These streets, squares are lined by buildings, framed by facades.
--includes faade details
--the physical form is by relationships between streets and open spaces , the
elevations sections which enclose them.

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3) URBAN SPACE
AND OPEN SPACE

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3) URBAN SPACE
AND OPEN SPACE

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4) SIZE AND
DENSITY

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4) SIZE AND DENSITY

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4) SIZE AND
DENSITY

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5) ROUTES
HEIRARCHY
In countryside
Approach roads
Local streets
Connecting
Districts, -outskirts,
uptown downtown,
lakeside, riverside,
Sea coast, port, hill
top, market, other side
of track.
Components- size,
appearance, activity,
emergence, relation.

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6) VISTAS AND SKYLINE

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In the current study

-The reference to political field is to the state, Central government, its
institutions, policies and planning strategies, their concepts and ideologies like
Socialism, Capitalism, communalism, Fascism, Globalisation, Racism, etc.
And
Their effects on Urban development through effects on markets, housing
typology, land use pattern, area density, urban sprawl, new building typology
etc.
Questions
The question is what the all encompassing Political ideologies and their
decisions in the form of policies and strategies trigger effects on urban
development , not whether certain Architecture is aligned to the right/ left/
particular party or leaders or power.
The question is what are the reflections of Political ideologies on the growth of
the cities?
The idea is to discover possibilities of interactions between the two, but not to
give firm definitions, or apt or utopian ideologies for development of
Architecture and growth of cities.

In the current study

Post Independence, Indian cities have grown exponentially.
Architecture, Urban design and Urban planning affect growth and form of
cities.
The effect of growth and form of cities is characterized by growth in
markets, housing typology, land use pattern, area density, urban sprawl,
new building typology etc.
The Indian cities can be categorized through shifts in its economic and
political structure as: ( 2008 )
1.The Colonial (dual) city
2.The Colonial Industrial city
3.The Independent Socialist city
4.The Global (Liberalist)city

Effects on growth
and transition of
cities

In the current study

Political
Ideologies
Type of
Government
Democracy

Planning
Policies

Bye
Laws

Housing
Policies

CDPs

Infrastructure

Constitutional MonarchyConservatism
Monarchy

Case
studies

Laws
Socialism

Land use patterns

Density growths- %

Racism

(JNNURUM.
BOOT etc)

Communalis
m

Market

Liberalism

Urban
Development

(PPT etc)

Housing Typologies
Urban sprawl- Sq Kms
New building functional
Typologies
Open spaces
Infrastructure

Literature review- current studies

Urban development
Activist and Architect P.K.Das suggests that a city can truly be developed through
larger public participation and the engagement of peoples organization in the
development process. Democracy and democratic movements are the means to
achieve this objective. Thus housing movements must integrate with it for
enabling social changes and for achieving development justice.
Mhatre P Relaxing Regulations to Support the Growth and Development of
Industries Case for Bangalore, India argues that the role of the government in
Bangalore has succeeded in generating economic growth but not as much
economic development. Other regions in India have attempted to duplicate the
Silicon Valley model without much success because they lack the necessary and
required qualities that technology companies look for like the existing
infrastructure, high quality academic institutions and skilled manpower.
McCann. E in Framing Space and Time in The City: Urban Policy and The
Politics Of Spatial and Temporal Scale Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol 25,No 2, pgs
159-178. argues that Urban Politics is frequently characterised by Political
strategies that frame reality in terms of scale (spatial and temporal scale).

Literature review- issues identified (2013)

Socialism and its effects

Neo- Liberalism and its effects

1970s, 1980s
Socialism prioritized notion of equality
therefore Distribution, use of social funds,
public participation, inclusion concepts etc.
Social rights included The right to be
informed, The right to participate in decision
making, The right to minimal living condition
with human dignity, property rights etc.

Policies and strategies developed

included
Strengthen the role of the state,
Provision and compensation for housing for
all Broaden Tax base, raise marginal tax
rates
Provide basic services (water, drainage,
sewerage, roads) to urban areas.
Provide for loans, grants, subsidies for
agriculture sector
Encourage small scale industries, business,
co-operatives

1990s focused on Liberalization.

Liberalism is an economic ideology that
tends to make a self- regulating market.
Policies initiated to make Indian cities more
competitive in global circuit triggered
dynamism in urban context, bringing large
scale Public Private investments in
construction Industry and infrastructure
development sector. These included
construction of public amenities like roads,
flyovers, bridges public spaces, metros etc.
Privatization of public services, PPP model,
Share of Foreign direct investment in land
and housing market,
Modification of bye laws, FSI, planning norms
Housing market privatization and Real
estate market

In the Current study

Case study of Jaipur, Chandigarh , Bangalore and
Hyderabad urban growth is studied in phases as
given below
City , brief description
Phases

Political Ideologies

Phase I (year of
foundation)

Monarchy

Phase II (1850-1930)

Monarchy-East India Company

Phase III (1930-1970)

Independence

Phase IV (1970s)

Socialism/Secularism

Phase V (1990
onwards)

Socialism/ liberalism

Founded in:1727
Population:
3,324,319+floating
population
Area: 200 Sq. Km.

Phase I

Phase II
(18501930)

Phase III
(19301970)

Phase
IV
(1970s)

Phase V
(1990
onwards
)

Monarchy

Monarchy-East
India Company

Founder: Maharaja Sawai

Jai Singh
Architect: Vidhyadhar
Bhattacharya

The Pink City, The Heritage City, The Ideal City

One city of golden triangle tourist circuit
City is laid in nine sectors with wide streets laid
regularly. The urban quarters are further divided
by network of gridded streets.
urban sprawl patterns gridded model
The city grew outside the walled city confines,
triggered by establishment of railway line in
1868 A.D.
urban sprawl patterns grid and Radial

Independence

Government followed a socialist ideology and

developed five development schemes to provide
residential plots, public institutes, other
amenities and the Rajasthan university, opening
opportunities towards the south direction.
urban sprawl patterns - Linear

Socialism/Secul
arism

Changes in land uses- agriculture area

converted to built area. The city has grown
towards south, south- west, and west directions
along national highways triggering unplanned
expansion. The prime causes- good transport
communicational network, better infrastructural
and institutional amenities.
urban sprawl patterns Leaf frog and
polycentric sprawl

Socialism/
liberalism
(proposed
Corridor of
National
Investment

UN-HABITAT, on the state of world cities 2012-13

ranked Jaipur 31st of 50 emerging Global
outsourcing cities.
2007- Mahindra SEZ- largest IT park in India

Founded in:1952
Population:9600
35
Area:
114Sq.
Km.
Phase
I
(1950
s
and
1960
s)
Phase
II
(1970
s
and
1980
s)

PostIndepen
dence

Socialis
m/Secul
arism

Founder: Nehru
Architect : Le Corbusier, Pierre
Jeanneret, Maxwell Fry. Jane
Drew

The City Beautiful, Planned city

Capital city of Punjab and Harayan, Union Territory

City is laid in 30 sectors with wide streets laid

regularly. The urban quarters are further divided by
network of gridded streets and green spaces
urban sprawl patterns - Sector model

To provide economical housing to all strata of

population, Government proposed multistoried
housing, clusters were created as per income
groups + mixed land use pattern, so that corporate
magnates could be locates in the city.
urban sprawl patterns - Sector model- 17
sectors(31-47)
Multistoried co-operative housing
societies in sector 48,49
Rehabilitation schemes in sector 55,56.

Phase
III
1990
onwa
rds

Socialis
m/
liberalis
m

I.T. Node : Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh

Technology Park (RGCTP) is an
extremely important project for the
Union Territory of Chandigarh as it
provides world class integrated
infrastructure necessary for the setting
up of facilities/campuses by leading
Technology Companies and other
IT/ITES/BPO companies for the first time
in this region
There has been a decline in traditional

Founded in:1537
Population:
8499,399
Area:741Sq. Km.

Phas
eI

Vijaynagar
Dynasty,Adil
Shahi,
Wodeyar,
Hyder Ali, Tipu
Sultan, British

Phas
e II
(185
0193
0)

Wodeyar
dynasty -East
India
Company

Phas
e III
(193
0197
0)

Independence

Phas
e IV
(197
0s)

Founder: Kempegouda
the principal administrative,
cultural, commercial,
industrial, and knowledge
capital of the state of
Karnataka.

Socialism/Sec
ularism

a
b

The Garden City,

The Electronic city, The Shoppers Paradise
The fastest-growing Indian metropolis
a)-Kempegouda area with mud fort.
East-West street Chikkapate street
North-south street Doddapette street and
intersection node Doddapette square.
b) Chamarajapeth- grid model
c) Lal bagh and Cubbon park
d) 1791-East India Company- Cantonment area
in 1809- grid model
1898-Plaque Hospital and communication
introduced.
1906- hydroelectric plan Shivsamudra, 1st city
in Asia
1927-Silver Jubilee celebration of Krishnaraja
Wodeyar- CITY CALLED GARDEN CITY.
urban sprawl patterns Irregular pattern
model
1956- Karnataka State was formed, Bangalore
becoming the capital city.
Public sector employment and education was
emphasised.
urban sprawl patterns Irregular pattern
model
Housing schemes through Mane were provided.
Mixed land uses with commercial usage etc
were developed.
Silk market, education, and industrial growth
saw an influx in migration.
urban sprawl patterns core frame
model ,Concentric model

Founded in:1591
Population:
6809,570
Area: 650 Sq. Km.

Founder: Mohammed Quli

Qutb Shahi

The City of Pearls, Throne of Nizam, Capital of

Andhra Pradesh and Telangana state for 10
years, followed by capital of Telangana state

Shahi
dynasty,
Mughal,
Nizam ulmulk

Located along Musi river, with pearl jewellery

and handicrafts as main economic developer
along agriculture.
urban patterns Irregular pattern model

Phase
II
(18501930)

NizamsEast India
Company

1880s- Railway station

-got connected to
Mumbai, Chennai and Karachi, exporting pearls
and handicrafts.
urban sprawl patterns expanded and
grew across the river

Phase
III
(19301970)

NizamsEast India
Company/
Independe
nce

During Nizams rule (1930-1948), industrial

growth in diversified sectors.
1940s city based industries started importing
technology from the west.
1955- Dr.B.R.Ambedkar promoted Hyderabad as
second capital

Socialism/S
ecularism

The economic activities(handicrafts, tourism)

manufacturing and associated facilities are
concentrated in Nodes. Largest number of SEZs
are developed.
The developments, contributed to the economic
growth and
the spatial growth of the
surrounding areas .
urban sparwl patterns Irregular pattern
model

Phase
I

Phase
IV
(1970
s)

Phase
V
(1990

Socialism/
liberalism
(proposed
Corridor of

The Hyderabad Urban

Agglomeration (HUA) consists of
the Municipal Corporation of
Hyderabad, 12- municipalities,
Secunderabad Cantonment,
Osmania University.

The economy is witnessing a transformation from

traditional manufacturing towards a knowledge
based
Economy, due to policies of the state
government to promote knowledge sector,

In the Current study

Conclusion of Pilot Case studies of Jaipur, Chandigarh ,
Bangalore and Hyderabad
JAIPUR/ CHANDIGARH
Historical study of a city and how influence of Political Ideology (Monarchy) was
demonstrated through Architecture and City Planning (Pilot study Hampi).
Compared with
Study of current scenario of urban growth patterns developed post liberalism and its
policies.
BANGALORE/ HYDERABAD Time series growth Post Independence focusing
on post 1990
Study Socialist ideology and its policies and their effects on urban growth
Data Collection
Post 1992- Liberalism and policies developed
and their influence on urban growth .
Satellite images
National Remote Sensing Agency
Primary Data

Secondary Data

Photographs, site
visits,

Site visits

Discussions

With appointment, email

Demographic details

Census 1991, 2001,2011

Maps- district, in time Survey and Land records, Urban

series
development authorities, Gazetter

ASSIGNMENT- Presentation -May 8-9

5 groups (11 students each)
1- History-of urban form and influence of
1- Bangalore
Political- with sources
Marks
2- Pune
2- Growth of city- in terms of area, urban
1,2- 25 mks
3- Hyderabad
form, demographics, densities,-with source
4- Surat
infrastructure
3- 25mks
Pre-Independence
5-Ahmedabad
Post Independence
Post 1992
3- survey- questionnaire, interview
Data Collection
Primary Data

Secondary Data

Satellite images

National Remote Sensing Agency

Photographs, site
visits,

Site visits

Discussions

With appointment, email

Demographic details

Census 1991, 2001,2011

Maps- district, in time Survey and Land records, Urban

series
development authorities, Gazetter

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