EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

Thermodynamics and Energy
Importance of Dimensions and Units
System and Control Volume
Properties of A System
State and Equilibrium
Processes and Cycles
Temperature and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Pressure
The manometer
The barometer and Atmospheric Pressure

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.1 Thermodynamics & Energy

A rock falling off a cliff

Thermodynamics can be define as the science of energy.

Conservation of energy - it state that during an interaction, energy
can change from one form to another but the total amount of
energy remains constant.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

A person has a greater energy input

(food) than energy output (exercise)
will gain weight (store energy in the
form of fat)

The change in energy content of a body or any other system is

equal to the difference between the energy input and the energy
output.
Energy balance is expressed Ein Eout =E

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

Application Areas of Thermodynamics

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.2 Importance of Dimensions and Units

The seven fundamental dimensions and their units in SI
Dimension
Length

Unit
Meter (m)

Mass

Kilogram (kg)

Time

Second (s)

Temperature

Kelvin (K)

Electric current

Ampere (A)

Amount of light

Candela (cd)

Amount of matter

Mole (mol)

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

They are standard for all

units and the student is
encouraged to memorize
them because of their
widespread use.
Some SI and English units

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.3 Systems and Control Volumes

Surrounding the mass or region outside the system
Boundary the real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surrounding
Close system (control mass) consists of a fix amount of mass,
and no mass can cross its boundary
Isolated system a special case, even energy is not allowed to
cross boundary

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

An open system or a control volume, is a

properly selected region in space. It usually
enclose a device that involves mass flow such
as a compressor or turbine. Flow through these
devices is best studied by selecting the region
within the device as the control volume. Both
mass and energy can cross the boundary of a
control volume.

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.4 Properties of A System

Property any characteristic of a
system, e.g. pressure, P temperature, T
volume, V and mass m
Intensive properties those that are
independent of the mass of a system,
such as temperature, pressure and density
Extensive properties - those whose
values depend on the size _or extent_ of
the system such as total mass, total
momentum and total volume

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.5 State and Equilibrium

State set of properties that completely describe the condition, at the
given state all the properties of the system have fix values, if the value
of even one property changes, the state will change to different one
Equilibrium implies a state of balance, e.g. thermal equilibrium,
the temperature is the same throughout the entire system, the system
involves no temperature differential.

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.6 Processes and Cycles

Process any change that a system under goes from one equilibrium
state to another
Path the series of states through which a system passes during a
process
Quasi-equilibrium process as a sufficiently slow process that
allows the system to adjust itself internally so the properties in one part
of the system do not change any faster than those at other parts

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics cycle when a system starts at an initial state and

undergoes a sequence of changing states and then returns to its initial
state

Chapter 1: End of first

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.7 Temperature and The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Temperature as a measure of hotness or coldness
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics if two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

Temperature Scales
Kelvin scale is related to the Celsius scale by
T(K) = T (oC) + 273.15
Rankine scale is related to the Fahrenheit by
T(R) = T (oF) + 459.67
The temperature scales in 2 units system
T(R) = 1.8T(K)
T (oF) =1.8T (oC) +32

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.8 Pressure
Pressure a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area, it has the
unit of newtons per square meter (N/m2), which is called a pascal (Pa)

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa

1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars
Pgage = Pabs Patm
Pvac = Patm - Pabs

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.9 The Manometer

Manometer commonly used to measure small and moderates pressure
differences
P2 = Patm + gh

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

Determine the absolute pressure, P

Determine the absolute pressure, P1

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

1.10 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure is measured by a device called a
barometer and is referred to as the barometric pressure

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics

Effect of piston weight on pressure in a cylinder

Determine the absolute pressure, P

Chapter 1: End of second

EPT 201 THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Thermodynamics