Traffic Cases

Lesson 6

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Topics

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Simplified Traffic cases

Traffic Cases

Simplified Traffic cases

Location Update
Authentication & Ciphering
Mobile Originated Call
Mobile Terminated Call
Handover

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Location Update

Location Updating keeps the network informed of

the Mobile Stations whereabouts

interWAVE

Location Updating involving the HLR is invoked

when the MS moves to a new location area or when the

MS tries to access the network and is not known to the
VLR
This is called location updating

COMMUNICATIONS

Mobility: Location Update

HLR
LA A1 MSC/VLR A

BSC

MSC/VLR A

LA A2

BSC
HWY 92
Hayward
San Mateo

LA A1

Redwood City

BSC

MSC/VLR B

LA B1
interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Mobility: Location Update 1

LA A1 MSC/VLR A

HLR

Same LA
No action
BSC

MSC/VLR A

LA A2

BSC
HWY 92
Hayward
San Mateo

LA A1

Redwood City

BSC

MSC/VLR B

LA B1
interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Mobility: Location Update 2

LA A1 MSC/VLR A
LA A2

MS notices different LA
MS location updates to MSC via BSS
MSC updates VLR to LA A2
Still same serving MSC
BSC

LA A2

HLR
MSC/VLR A

BSC
HWY 92
Hayward
San Mateo

LA A1

Redwood City

BSC

MSC/VLR B

LA B1
interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Mobility: Location Update 3

1. MS notices different LA
2. MS location updates to MSC B via BSS
3. MSC updates VLR from MS: LA B1
LA A1 MSC/VLR A
LA A2
BSC

HLR
MSC/VLR A
MSC/VLR B

LA A2

5. HLR updates serving MSC/VLR

6. HLR notifies MSC A

7. MSC A deletes
MS from VLR
BSC
HWY 92
Hayward
San Mateo

LA A1

4. MSC B notifies HLR

Redwood City

BSC
LA B1
interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

MSC/VLR B
LA B1
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Location Update Details

MS

BSS

RACH

Chan. Req.

AGCH

Chan. Estab.

MSC

Location Update Req.

SDCCH

VLR

(LAI & TMSI)

Loc. Update

HLR

AUC

Only sent to HLR

if this is the first
time the MS has
location updated
in this VLR

Loc. Update

Authentication & ciphering

New TMSI
TMSI(location update accept)

TMSI Ack

Clear

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Traffic Cases

Simplified traffic cases

Location Update
Authentication & Ciphering
Mobile Originated Call
Mobile Terminated Call
Handover

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

10

Authentication and Ciphering

MS

BSS

MSC

2.Authenticate request
(RAND)

SDCCH

3. Auth response
(SRES)

5. Cipher mode command

interWAVE

6. Cipher mode
complete

COMMUNICATIONS

VLR

HLR

AUC

1.Pre send tripples to VLR

(RAND/SRES/Kc)

if authentication
was successful the
VLR will request
4. Start Ciphering the MSC to start
the ciphering
process. If fails
the HLR will be
notified and an
Authentication
Reject message
will be sent to the
mobile

11

Traffic Cases

Simplified traffic cases

Location Update
Authentication & Ciphering
Mobile Originated Call
Mobile Terminated Call
Handover

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

12

MS Originated Call
1. The subscriber presses the send key initiate a Channel
Request message from the MS to the BSS.
2. This is followed by the assignment of dedicated control
channels and the establishment of the signaling link between
the MS and BSS
3. The request for service is passed to the MSC which
relays to the VLR. The VLR carries out the authentication
process. HLR checked if if the MS was not previously
registered.
4. The set-up message is sent to the MSC accompanied by
the call information( type off call, and number being called.
5. The MSC may invoke the MS IMEI check(to see if it is a
valid subscriber)
6. The MSC then assigns a traffic channel to the BSS
(Assignment command), which in turn assigns an airinterface channel to the BTS
7. Ring tone is applied at the MS in response to alerting
which the MSC sends when the PSTN responds.
8. When answered the message connect is forwarded to
the MS by the MSC, stopping the ringing. The MSC then
connects the GSM traffic channel to the PSTN circuit

VLR

HLR

MSC
PSTN,ISDN
PLMN

Route call

BSC

Handshake

MS Originate Req
interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

13

MS Originated Call : Details

MS

BSS

MSC

VLR

HLR
PSTN

RACH

Chan Req

AGCH

RR Connection

SDCCH

CM Service Request
Auth., Cipher, TMSI Assgn.
Setup : destination #

Call Proceeding
TCH Asgn
(assignment command)

TCH Assgn

RR TCH Conn

Assgn complete
FACCH

Conversation

TCH

interWAVE

Call routing (for GSM destination)

Alert, Connect

COMMUNICATIONS

14

Traffic Cases

Simplified traffic cases

Location Update
Authentication & Ciphering
Mobile Originated Call
Mobile Terminated Call
Handover

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

15

MS Terminated Call : Network Nodes

MSISDN IMSI Serving MSC . . .

N
ISD
S
M

4
6

MSRN

PSTN

Traffic

7 MSRN

MSC

Signalling

SI
IM

MSRN 6

HLR 3

N
SR
M

PSTN, ISDN,
PLMN

Gateway
MSC

2 MSISDN

IMSI

MSRN

VLR

MSRN

IMSI

1. Call arrives from PSTN, ISDN, or PLMN. MSISDN is passed to Gateway MSC (G-MSC)
2. G-MSC inquires HLR serving the called MSISDN
3. HLR looks up MSISDN and gets corresponding IMSI and serving MSC
4. HLR sends request with IMSI to the serving MSC/VLR for MS roaming number (MSRN)
5. MSC/VLR assigns MSRN and associates it with IMSI
6. MSRN is passed to HLR, which passes it to G-MSC
7. G-MSC uses MSRN to route traffic call to serving MSC (possibly via PSTN exchanges)
interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

8. Serving MSC receives call at MSRN and looks up the corresponding IMSI

16

MS Terminated Call : BSS, MS

IMSI

MSC
page

1
IMSI
LA
BSC
LA

IMSI TMSI Loc Area . . .

VLR
2

BSC
e
pa g

pa
ge

IMSI
BTS

IMSI

Page R
espons 6
e

BTS

1. MSC inquires VLR for Location Area (LA) of IMSI

2. MSC looks up serving BSC corresponding to Location Area
3. MSC initiates paging procedure for IMSI (or TMSI, if VLR sent TMSI)
4. BSC sends paging command to BTS
5. BTSs send paging requests over the air
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COMMUNICATIONS

6. Mobile responds to page and initiates page response procedure

17

MS Terminated Call : Details

MS

BSS

MSC
GMSC/PSTN
Page Command

PCH

Page Req

RACH

Chan Req

AGCH

RR Connection

SDCCH

Paging Response
Auth., Cipher, TMSI Assgn.
Setup

Call Confirm

TCH Asgn

FACCH
TCH
interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

MSISDN

TCH Assgn
RR TCH Conn

Assgn complete
Alert, Connect
Conversation

address
complete

ring tone
at land
phone

ring stops
at land
phone
18

Traffic Cases

Simplified traffic cases

Location Update
Authentication & Ciphering
Mobile Originated Call
Mobile Terminated Call
Handover

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

19

Handovers

Definition:

To avoid losing a call in progress when a mobile station leaves

the radio coverage of the cell in charge or when the radio link
as seen by the MS is better by another serving cell without
leaving the coverage area.

Handovers can occur on:

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Quality
Receive level
Distance
Interference
Power budget
20

Handover

interWAVE

Intra-BTS

COMMUNICATIONS

Handover to different timeslot on

same BTS (interference).

21

Handover

interWAVE

Intra-BTS
Intra-BSC

COMMUNICATIONS

Handover between two BTSs

controlled by the same BSC.

22

Handovers

interWAVE

Intra-BTS
Intra-BSC
Inter-BSC

COMMUNICATIONS

Handover between two BTSs that

are controlled by different BSCs.

23

Handovers

interWAVE

Intra-BTS
Intra-BSC
Inter-BSC
Inter-MSC

COMMUNICATIONS

Handover between two BTSs that

are controlled by different BSCs,
which are controlled by different
MSCs.

24

Handovers
MSC/VLR A

BSC

Inter-BSC

BSC

Intra-BSC

Inter-MSC

BSC

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

MSC/VLR B

25

Handover : Measurements

Measurements of communication link every 480 msec

(1/2 second) reported to BSC (SACCH)

Uplink channel (MS to BTS) measured by BTS:

Downlink channel (BTS to MS) measured by MS:

interWAVE

RxLev (power level)

RxQual (bit error rate)

RxLev (of serving BTS)

RxQual (of serving BTS)
RxLev (of 6 neighboring cells)

COMMUNICATIONS

26

Handover Algorithm

BSC decides when handover is required, as well as list of

best target BTSs.
GSM TS 05.08 : generic HO algorithm
Manufacturer specific
Tuned for urban/rural, macro/micro, etc.

Depends on :

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Link Bit Error Rate

transmit/received Power
timing advance
Power Budget, margins, etc.

27

Handover Execution

After a Handover decision is made by BSC:

1. Activate a new traffic channel at new BTS
2. HO command to MS
3. MS sends HO Access on new traffic channel
4. MS & new BTS establishes reliable link
5. HO complete
6. Call routed to new BTS
7. Old traffic channel is released

Note: (2) TCH channels are active until the HO process is complete
interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

28

Handover Details
MS

Old BTS

Old BSC

MSC

New BSC

New BTS

MS

measure
SACCH

measure

HO required
HO request
Handover Command

FACCH

HO req ack

MS tunes to new traffic channel on new BTS

Est. Ind.

MSC switches traffic to new BTS

information
exchange
Establ. link

FACCH

HO Complete

Clear
FACCH

Deactivate Ch.

Deact. Ack

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

Clear Ack

periodic measurement
reports

SACCH

29

Summary

Simplified traffic cases

Location Update
Authentication & Ciphering
Mobile Originated Call
Mobile Terminated Call
Handover

interWAVE

COMMUNICATIONS

30