Module 4 : Plastic Analysis (1)

Dr Yan Zhuge

CIVE3011 Structural
Analysis and Computer
Applications
1

Introduction
Elastic analysis
Statically determinate
analysed by statics alone

statically indeterminate
analysed by statics and compatibility

based on the following assumptions

stresses in the material < elastic limit
deflections are small
2

Introduction (Cont.)
Plastic analysis
This analysis is based on finding the
collapse load of the structure. This
requires a knowledge of what
happens at collapse and how the
structure behaves when the stresses
in the material exceed the elastic
limit
3

Introduction (Cont.)
This Module:
We will develop the principles of
plastic theory which are widely used
in the analysis and design of steel
structures.

Fundamental concepts of
plastic behaviour
Stress-strain curve for
mild steel
uts
yu
y

Failure

Strain
hardening
(slope 0.04E)

Plastic
(slope = 0)
Elastic
(slope = E)

0.0012

0.014

0.2

Strain
5

Collapse of structures
Any structure can be made to collapse by
applying a load of sufficient magnitude
A structure may collapse by one or a
combination of
elastic buckling
instability of one or more members

plastic collapse
formation of plastic hinges

Plastic behaviour - beams

Ww

Bending moment

Elastic behaviour
c

c = E

Neutral Axis

t
Cross section

Strain

t
Stress
7

Partially plastic
Bending moment

The beam is loaded further

c

Neutral Axis
y
y (yield strain)

Strain

Stress
8

Full plasticity
Collapse load

Bending moment

Wc = Ww
WcL/4 = Mp

Plastic hinge

Mp

Wc = 4Mp/L
c

Neutral Axis

Full plasticity
t
Strain
The zone of plasticity will spread from the outer
fibres towards the centre of the section

Cross section

y
Stress
9

Full plasticity
At this stage, the section has reached
its full moment capacity as there is
NO more stress capacity available to
develop any additional moment of
resistance within the section.
What do you think will happen to the
beam?
The beam will collapse!!
10

Direct calculation of the plastic

moment rectangular section
y

C
d

Neutral Axis
b
Rectangular
Cross section

T
t
Strain

C = T = 0.5 bd y
d
d bd
d bd
d
MP C T
y y
4
4
2
4 2
4
bd 2
Mp
y
M p Z p y
4

y
Stress

ZP= bd2/4 where ZP is the plastic section modulus

Ze = bd2/6 where Ze is the elastic section modulus
Shape factor (ZP / Ze) for a rectangular section =
1.5
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Position of the neutral axis?

T A2 y

C A1 y

C T

Equilibrium of the
cross-section

A1 y A2 y
What does this
equation tell you?

A1 A2

The neutral axis is

the axis of equal
area
12

Direct calculation of the plastic

moment I section
y

M p M p1 M p 2 M p 3 M p 4
x

d t
M p1 C1 ( )
2 2

M p 3 T3 (

C1 bt y

d
d 2t
) T3 z ( t ) y
2
4

M p2

d 2t
C2 (
)
4

d t
M p 4 T4 ( )
2 2

d
C2 z ( t ) y
2

T4 bt y

Shape factor 1.15 (about x-x axis)

Shape factor 1.6 (about y-y axis)

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Asymmetric sections
Asymmetric sections don not yield simultaneously at
the top and bottom of the section. The neutral axis
moves as yield spreads through the section from the
centroid before yield, to the axis that bisects the cross
sectional area.
Can you identify the position
of the plastic neutral axis?
20 mm above the base.
Calculate the fully plastic
moment of the section?
Take y = 275 N/mm2

14

Asymmetric sections (Cont.)

C T area y
4000 275 1100 kN
M p C 50 T 10
1100 60 66kNm
M p Z p y
Z p M p / y 66 10 6 / 275 240 103 mm 3
Plastic Section Modulus

15

Effect of axial force

2
bd
z
M p' M p
y ( )2
4
d

Presence of axial force reduce the

plastic moment capacity. However, in
low-rise structure, axial forces are too
small to have significant effect on Mp.
16

Effect of shear force

z2
M M p b( ) y
3
'
p

Shear forces reduce the plastic moment

capacity. However, they cause smaller
reduction in Mp than axial forces and
need to be considered only when they
are exceptionally large.
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Collapse mechanisms
Statically Determinate

The formation of one plastic

hinge will reduce the structure
to a mechanism

Statically Indeterminate

Two plastic hinges are required

to form a mechanism
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Number of hinges for collapses

n=r+1

complete collapse

where n is the number of hinges

r is the degree of redundancies
structure is statically determinate

n < r + 1 partial collapse

structure is statically indeterminate

n>r+1

over collapse
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Method of virtual work

At collapse all deformations of the structure occur at the plastic
hinges
The principle of virtual work can be applied to these deformations
Bending moment remains constant as the structure deforms
Axial load effects (axial shortening, buckling) are ignored

w. = MP
over all loads

over all plastic hinges

w set of external forces

Mp internal plastic moment at each plastic hinge
- virtual displacement in the direction of the force
- corresponding virtual rotation

20

Method of virtual work (Cont.)

wc
Additional
hinge

Additional
hinge
no collapse

AB, BC deflect separately as

rigid body, rotations take place at
each plastic hinge position

Collapse
load

EWD wc wcL / 2
IWD 4 M p
wc

8M p
L

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Procedure for analysis

Specify the collapse mechanism
Impose the plastic rotations at the hinges
Find the relations among the
angles/rotations
Write the virtual work equation. Express
the equation in terms of one unknowns.
Solve for collapse load

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Example 1 a fixed beam

Specify the collapse mechanism
Impose the plastic rotations at the
hinges

a tan = ab tan =
b
a/b
Apply
the method of virtual work
w = Mp
Wc = 2 Mp()
Wc a = 2 Mp(a/b)
Wc = 2MpL/ab

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Example 2 - Smallest load will

first cause collapse
3Wc

Mp

2Wc

L/3

L/3

3Wc

Mp

L/3

Mp

2
Mp

W M
3Wc

2Wc

W M

L
L
2Wc 2 5 2 M p
3
3
1.875M p
Wc
L
OR
M p 0.533Wc L

3Wc

L
L
2Wc 2 M p
3 2
3
1.714 M p
Wc
L
OR
M p 0.583Wc L

24

Example 3 UDL Load

wc (UDL)

Mp
C

IWD= 4Mp
WD=2 x work done by load on AB
L L
2[ wc

wcL2/4 = 4Mp
wc = 16Mp/L2

Consider AB and BC separately. A

doesnt deflect whilst B deflect
L/2. Hence the average
deflection over AB will be L/4.
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Example 4 UDL load

Total Load W

Mp

Location of plastic
hinge?

W M

Total Load Wc

Mp

Lx
x
x

Lx

Wc
W

2x

x.x c l x x M p
1
L
2 L
2
Lx
2( L x)
Wc M p
x( L x)

Mp

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Contd.
We need to determine the value of x to minimise Wc
There are two basic approaches
Mathematical ie. To minimise Wc
Graphically - Plot values of Wc against sensible values
of x
Wc

Wc
0
x
x 0.414 L
Wc 11.657

Mp

0.3L

0.4 L

0.5L

0.6 L x

L
27

Continuous beam
Each span may have a different plastic
moment
At a support, the plastic hinge forms at the
plastic moment of the weaker member
Each span must be checked individually
and the span with the lowest collapse load
determines the collapse the whole beam

28

Example 5 continuous beam

2 kN/m

5 kN

Mp

2m

Mp

1m

3m

Determine the value of

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Contd.
2 kN/m

5 kN

Mechanism 1
Wc = Ww

2m

1m

3m

Same as example 3
w = Mp
Wc =W = 16 Mp/L2
= 16Mp/2x22=2Mp
30

Contd.
2 kN/m

5 kN

Mechanism 2
2m

W M

1m

3m

5 M p 2 M p

5x3 M p 2 M p (3 ) 7 M p
7
M p 0.47 M p
15

The lowest of the two calculated values of

is 0.47Mp,
corresponding to the second collapse mechanism.
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