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• CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTANTS:
Reaction rates generally increase as the
concentrations of the reactants are increased.
• TEMPERATURE:
Reaction rates generally increase rapidly as
the temperature is increased.
• CATALYSTS:
Catalysts speed up reactions.
• PARTICLE SIZE:
The rate increases as the smaller the size of
reacting particles .
A) CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTANTS
4 particle system
(2 and 2) 4 collision
A) CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTANTS
• A concentration of reactants increases, the frequency
of collision increases.
• This would also result in the increase in the quantity of
effective collision. Thus the reaction rate increases.
5 particle system
(3 and 2) 6 collision
A) CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTANTS
• This observation correlates with the RATE LAW that has
been previously discussed…
x y
Reaction rate = k [ A ] [ B ] …
(A & B = reactants)
(x & y = rate order)
-E a∕
k = Ae RT
Where…
k = rate constant
A = constant known as the collision frequency factor
e = natural log exponent
Ea = activation energy for the reaction
R = universal gas constant (8.314 J mol-1 K-1 )
T = absolute temperature
B) TEMPERATURE
ARRHENIUS EQUATION
• The relation ship between the rate constant, k and
temperature can be seen in the k vs T graph:
-E a∕
k = Ae RT
1/T (K-1 )
B) TEMPERATURE
−E a
k = Ae RT
−E a
Natural log both ends…
ln k = ln( A.e RT
)
−Ea
ln k = ln A + ln( e RT )
− Ea
ln k = ln e + ln A (But ln e = 1)
RT
− Ea 1
Thus… ln k = ( ) + ln A
R T
See the linear relationship…? y = m x+ C
B) TEMPERATURE
Graph Representation Of The Arrhenius Equation
• Plotting a ln k vs 1/T graph would show a clearer
relationship between k (Rate constant) and temperature
− Ea 1
ln k = ( ) + ln A
R T
Where,
Ea = Activation Energy
R = 8.314 Jmol-1 K-1
T = Absolute Temp
A = Collision freq. factor
B) TEMPERATURE
• If the value of A (collision frequency factor) is not known and the same reaction
conducted at two different temperatures.The Arrhenius equation at each temperature
can be written and combined to formed the equation shown in the box.
− Ea 1 − Ea 1
ln k1 = ( ) + ln A ln k 2 = ( ) + ln A
and R T2
R T1
Rearranging the equations would give…
Ea 1 Ea 1
ln k1 + ( ) = ln A ln k 2 + ( ) = ln A
R T1 R T2
Since “A” is a constant…
E 1 E 1
ln k1 + a ( ) = ln k 2 + a ( )
R T1 R T2 k1 Ea 1 1
ln = ( − )
Ea 1 Ea 1 k2 R T2 T1
ln k1 − ln k2 = ( )− ( )
R T2 R T1
Exercise: the Activation energy
The decomposition of hydrogen iodide,
2 HI (g) H2(g) + I2(g)
has rate constants of 9.51 x 10-9 L mol-1 s-1 at 500 K and
1.10x10-5 L mol-1 s-1 at 600 K. Find Ea.
x y
Reaction rate = k [ A ] [ B ]
(A & B = reactants)
(x & y = rate order)
− Ea 1
ln k = ( ) + ln A
R T
C) CATALYST
• When Ea decreases, k increases,
REACTION RATE increases
uncatalyzed catalyzed
Ea > E’a
Reaction pathway
D) PARTICLE SIZE