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R' R' _
+
R C NH2 + HCl R C NH3Cl
COOH COOH
Example:
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
+ _
H C NH2 + HCl H C NH3Cl
COOH COOH
b) Reaction with NaOH
R' R'
R C NH2 + NaOH R C NH2
_
COOH COO Na+
Example:
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
H C NH2 + NaOH H C NH2
_
COOH COO Na+
c) Reaction with ROH + HCl (catalyst)
R' R'
R C NH2 + R''OH R C NH2 + H 2O
COOH COOR''
Example:
CH2CH3 R'
HCl
H C NH2 + CH3OH R C NH2 + H 2O
COOH COOR''
d) With Nitrous Acid (HNO2)
R' R'
NaNO2 / HCl +
R C NH2 R C N N
o
-5 to 0 C
COOH COOH
diazonium ion
elimination of N2(g)
R'
Observation: Bubbling
R C+
of gas (N2)
COOH
carbocation
H 2O - -H
+
+ Cl
2-hydroxy halocarboxylic Alkenoic
acid
carboxylic acid acid
Example: CH3 CH3
NaNO2 / HCl +
H C NH2 H C N N
COOH COOH
diazonium ion
elimination of N2(g)
CH3
H C+
COOH
carbocation
+
H 2O - -H
+ Cl
CH3
CH3 CH2
H C OH
H C Cl H C
COOH
COOH COOH
Peptide Bond
2 amino acids react together, H2O
is eliminated.
This is condensation reaction.
Peptides are amino acid polymers
in which the individual amino acid
units, are linked together by amide
bonds, or peptide bonds
•2 amino acids form dipeptide
•3 amino acids form tripeptide
•15 – 30 amino acids form oligopeptide
•> 30 amino acids form polypeptide
Formation of dipeptide bond:
O H
H2N CH 2 C OH + H N C COOH
H CH3
O H
H2N CH2 C N C COOH + H O
2
H CH3
O H O CH2 OH
H2N CH2 C N C C N C COOH
H CH3 H H
A tripeptide
Importance of amino acids :
Human beings can synthesize about half
of the amino acids needed to make
proteins.
Other amino acids, called the essential
amino acids,
acids must be provided in the diet.