The time it takes a

charge carrier to cross

from the emitter to the
collector is called:

a. base time
b. transit time
c. charge time
d. Miller time

A real capacitor actually

contains:
a. capacitance and
resistance only
b. capacitance and
inductance only
c. capacitance,
inductance, and
resistance

Bypass capacitors are

used to:
a. remove RF from nonRF circuits
b. couple RF around an
amplifier
c. neutralize amplifiers

A resonant circuit is:

a. a simple form of
bandpass filter
b. used in narrowband
RF amplifiers
c. both a and b
d. none of the above

Loading down a tunedcircuit amplifier will:

a. raise the Q of the
tuned circuit
b. lower the Q of the
tuned circuit
c. "multiply" the Q
d. have no effect on Q

The "Miller Effect" can:

a. cause an amplifier to
oscillate
b. cause an amplifier to
lose gain
c. reduce the bandwidth
of an amplifier
d. all of the above

The Miller Effect can be

avoided by:
a. using a commonemitter amplifier
b. using a common-base
amplifier
c. increasing the Q of the
tuned circuit

In a BJT, the Miller Effect

is due to:
a. inductance of collector
lead
b. collector-to-emitter
capacitance
c. base-to-emitter
capacitance

In RF amplifiers,
impedance matching is
usually done with:
a. RC coupling
b. transformer coupling
c. direct coupling
d. lumped reactance

Neutralization cancels
unwanted feedback by:
a. adding feedback out of
phase with the
unwanted feedback
b. bypassing the feedback
to the "neutral" or
ground plane
c. decoupling it

For a "frequency
multiplier" to work, it
requires:
a. a nonlinear circuit
b. a linear amplifier
c. a signal containing
harmonics
d. an input signal that is
an integer multiple of

A sinusoidal oscillation
from an amplifier
requires:
a. loop gain equal to unity
b. phase shift around loop
equal to 0 degrees
c. both a and b, but at just
one frequency
d. none of the above

The conditions for

sinusoidal oscillation
from an amplifier are
called:
a. the loop-gain criteria
b. the Hartley criteria
c. the Bode criteria
d. the Barkhausen criteria

Any amplifier can be made to

oscillate if a portion of the
output is fed back to the input
in such a way that the following
criteria, known as the
Barkhausen criteria, are
satisfied:
1. The gain around the loop
must be equal to one.
2. The phase shift around the
loop must total either 0 or

The Hartley oscillator

uses:
a. a tapped inductor
b. a two-capacitor divider
c. an RC time constant
d. a piezoelectric crystal

The Hartley oscillator

can be recognized by
its use of a tapped
inductor.
The resonant frequency
is that of the tuned
circuit, including the
whole inductor, that
is

Inductors are typically

tuned by moving a
ferrite core into or out
of the coil. This is
known as slug tuning.

The Colpitts VFO uses:

a. a tapped inductor
b. a two-capacitor divider
c. an RC time constant
d. a piezoelectric crystal

Colpitts Oscillator uses a

capacitive voltage
divider instead of a
tapped inductor to
provide feedback.
The operating frequency is
determined by the
inductor and the series
combination of C1 and

The Clapp oscillator is:

a. a modified Hartley
oscillator
b. a modified Colpitts
oscillator
c. a type of crystalcontrolled oscillator
d. only built with FETs

The clap oscillator is a

variation of the
Colpitts circuit,
designed to swamp
device capacitances for
greater stability.
The frequency of
oscillation is
determined by the

A varactor is:
a. a voltage-controlled
capacitor
b. a diode
c. used in tuner circuits
d. all of the above

A varactor is a reversebiased silicon diode

whose capacitance is
varied by varying the
applied reverse voltage.
Thus, a varactor-tuned
oscillator is also called
a voltage-controlled
oscillator (VCO).

The variation of
capacitance is given
approximately by:

C = capacitance at reverse
voltage V
Co = capacitance without

A varactor has a maximum

capacitance of 80 pF and
is used in a tuned circuit
with a 100 H inductor.
a. Find the resonant
frequency with no tuning
voltage applied
b. Find the tuning voltage
necessary for the circuit
to resonate at double the

Crystal-Controlled
oscillators are:
a. used for a precise
frequency
b. used for very low
frequency drift (parts
per million)
c. made by grinding

Frequency stability
is the ability of an
oscillator to remain
at a fixed
frequency.

Short-term stability is
affected predominantly
by fluctuations in dc
operating voltages.
Long-term stability is a
function of component
aging and changes in
the ambient

Commercial FM
broadcast stations must
maintain their carrier
frequencies to within
+/-2 kHz of their
assigned frequency
which is approximately
0.002% tolerance.

In commercial AM
broadcasting, the
maximum allowable
shift in carrier
frequency is only +/20 Hz.

LC oscillators are
subject to frequency
change from such
diverse sources as
voltage variations,
changes in load
impedance,

The Q-factors of LC tank

circuits are relatively
low, allowing the
resonant tank circuit to
oscillate over a wide
range of frequencies.
(in the range of 100
to 1000 compared to

Piezoelectric crystals
can oscillate in either of
two modes:
1. fundamental or
2. overtone

For most crystals

the upper limit is
20 MHz.

The relationship
between a crystals
operating frequency
and its thickness is
expressed
mathematically as

To achieve extremely
thin slices of crystals,
the process called
chemical etching is
used.
With the process,
crystal fundamental

For ultimate stability, as

required in demanding
applications like test
equipment and some
transmitters, a crystal
oven can be used.
A crystal oven can
improve the temperature
stability of a crystal

The temperature
dependence of the
frequency of an
oscillator can be given
=
f
+
kf
(T

by fthe
equation.
T
O
O

TO)

A portable radio transmitter

is to operate at
temperatures from -5 to 35
degree Celsius. If its signal
is derived from a crystal
oscillator with a temperature
coefficient of +1ppm/degree
Celsius and it transmits at
exactly 146 MHz at 20
degree Celsius, find the

Quartz
piezoelec
is a
____________ material
tric

The mechanical
vibrations are called
____________
bulk acoustic waves
(BAWs)

In a balanced mixer, the

output:
a. contains equal
(balanced) amounts of
all input frequencies
b. contains the input
frequencies
c. does not contain the
input frequencies

"VFO" stands for:

a. Voltage-Fed Oscillator
b. Variable-Frequency
Oscillator
c. Varactor-Frequency
Oscillator
d. Voltage-Feedback

A "frequency synthesizer"
is:
a. a VCO phase-locked to
a reference frequency
b. a VFO with selectable
crystals to change
frequency
c. a fixed-frequency RF