SHALLOW FOUNDATION

NAME: INDRAJIT MITRA

PAPER NAME AND CODE: SEMINAR-I

AND CE 792

institute: university institute of

technology,

UNIVERSITY

THE BURDWAN
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INTRODUCTION

Shallow foundations are those that transmit

structural loads to the near surface soils.

According

to the Terzaghi, a foundation is

shallow foundation if its depth is equal to or less
than its width i.e d w.

For

most of the residential buildings or

buildings with moderate height or multistoreyed
building on soil with sufficient strength, shallow
foundation
is
used
from
economical
consideration.
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Major Requirements :
Near surface soil should be strong enough
Foundation structures should be able to

sustain the applied loads without exceeding

the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
The settlement of the structure should be

should be within the tolerable limits.

When shallow foundation avoided :

When the upper soil layer is highly

compressible and too weak

In the case of Expansive soils
In case of Bridge abutments and
piers because of soil erosion at the
ground surface
Soils such as loess are collapsible in
nature
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Types of Shallow Foundation:

Spread footing: A spread footing is one
which supports either one wall or one
column.
Spread footing may be of the following
types
Strip footing
Pad footing

Fig: Pad Footing

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Types of Shallow Foundation(cont.):

Combined footing: When a spread

footing supports the load of more than one

column or wall.

Fig: Combined
Footings

Types of Shallow Foundation(CONT.):

Strap

footing: :
A strap footing
comprises of two or more footings of
individual columns, connected by a beam,
called a strap.

Fig: Strap
Footings

Raft foundation: A raft foundation is a

combined footing that covers the entire area

beneath a structure and supports all the
walls and columns.
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Types of Shallow Foundation(CONT.):

Fig- Raft foundations

Requirements for the raft foundations:

The allowable soil pressure is low, or the building loads are heavy
Use of spread footings would cover more than one-half of the area
Soil is sufficiently erratic so that the differential settlement difficult to control
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FACTORS FOR DEPTH OF

FOUNDATION:
Bearing capacity of soil
Ground water table
Depth of frost action
Depth of volume change due to

presence of expansive soils

Local erosion of soil due to flowing
water
Underground defects such as root
holes, cavities, mine shafts, etc.
excavation, ditch, pond, water
course, filled up ground
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PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION BELOW FOOTINGS

The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a

function of the type of soil, the relative rigidity of the soil

and the footing, and the depth of foundation at level of
contact between footing and soil.

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GROUND WATER TABLE AND FOOTINGS

A RISING WATER TABLE HAVE FOLLOWING ADVERSE
EFFECTS :

1) Appreciable reduction in the bearing capacity

2) Development of uplift pressure
3) Possible ground heave due to the reduction of

the effective stresses caused by the increasing

pore water pressures.
4) Expansion of the heavily compacted fills under
the foundation
5) Appreciable
settlements
of
the
poorly
compacted fills
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SOIL STIFFNESS PARAMETER AND

FOOTING
Soil stiffness is generally measured in the terms of Modulus of sub-

grade reaction (K-value).

Where, p = load intensity corresponding to settlement of plate (30cm x 30cm)

of 0.125 cm.
TABLE: K-VALUE CHANGES WITH SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

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SOIL STIFFNESS PARAMETER AND FOOTING

(cont).

Foundation

Reaction

Size Effect on Modulus of Sub grade

in Clayey Soil :

Foundation

Size Effect
Reaction In Sandy Soils:

on

Modulus of Subgrade

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BEARING CAPACITY and footing

Factors influencing Bearing Capacity:
I. Type of soil
II. Surcharge load

III. Unit weight of soil

IV. Depth of

foundation
V. Mode of failure
VI. Size of footing
VII. Shape of footing
VIII. Depth of water
table
IX. Eccentricity in footing load
X. Inclination of footing load
XI. Inclination of ground
XII. Inclination of base of foundation
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MODES OF SHEAR FAILURE

General shear failure: Seen in dense and stiff soil.

Fig:

Fig: General shear

failure

Local shear failure: Seen in relatively loose and soft soil.

Fig:

Fig: Local shear

failure
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MODES OF SHEAR FAILURE (CONT.):

Punching shear failure:

elevations.

Seen in loose , soft soil and at deeper

Fig- punching shear

failure

TERZAGHIS BEARING CAPACITY THEORY:

According to Terzaghi the equation for ultimate bearing capacity for a strip
footing is obtained as follows, ultimate bearing capacity

qf = cNC + DNq +0.5

BN
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BEARING CAPACITY OF FOOTINGS (CONT.)

Circular footing :

qff == 1.3 cNcc + DNqq +0.3 BN

Square footing:

qff == 1.3 cNcc + DNqq +0.4 BN

Rectangular footing:

qff == (1+0.3 B/L)cNc + DNqq + (1-0.2 B/L)0.5BN

Effect of Water Table fluctuation :

Ultimate bearing capacity with the effect of water table is given by,
qff= cNCC + DNqq RW1
+0.5 BN RW2
W2
q = cN + DN W1
R +0.5 BN
R
f

W1

W2

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Effect of Water Table fluctuation :(cont.)

CASE

1:

Where, ZW1 is the depth of water table from ground level.

CASE

2:

Where, ZW2 is the depth of water table from foundation level.

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BEARING CAPACITY ACCORDING TO INDIAN

STANDARD CODES

General shear failure:

qf = c Nc sc dc ic + q (Nq-1) sq dq iq + 0.5 B Ns d iW

Local shear failure:

qf = c N'c sc dc ic + q (Nq-1) sq dq iq + 0.5 B N's d iW

Shape factors for different shapes of

footings:

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BEARING CAPACITY ACCORDING TO

INDIAN STANDARD CODES (cont.)

Depth factors:

dc = 1 + 0.2 Df/B N
dq = d = 1 for < 10
dq = d = 1 + 0.1 Df/B N for
> 10
Inclination
factor :
ic = iq = (1- /90)
i = (1- /)
Values of W:
1. Water table remain at or below a depth of (Df + B), then
W=

1.

2. Water table located at depth Df or likely to rise above the

base then,
W= 0.5

3. If Df < Dw < (Df + B), then W be obtained by linear

interpolation

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SETTLEMENTS OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

The total settlement of a footing in clay may be considered to three
components (Skempton and Bjerrum, 1957)

S = Sii + Scc +Sss

Immediate

Settlement:

Values for influence factors, If :

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Settlement s of shallow foundation(cont.)

Primary Consolidation: The primary consolidation
settlement Sc is given by the following formula:
Sc =
Values of for different types of soil :

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Settlement s of shallow foundation(cont.)

Secondary consolidation: Secondary
consolidation settlement is more important in the case of
organic and highly-compressible inorganic clays which is
given by,
Ss =
C = Secondary Compression Index =

scale)

Fig: void ratio vs. time (log

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CORRECTION ON TOTAL SETTLEMENT FOR DEPTH

AND RIGIDITY
1) Effect of Depth of Foundation:
Corrected settlement = Scorrected = Sc x Depth factor

Fig: Foxs correction curves for settlements of flexible

Rectangular footings of BxL at depth D

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CORRECTION ON TOTAL SETTLEMENT FOR DEPTH

AND RIGIDITY

Effect of the rigidity of foundation:

Rigidity factor =
2)

= 0.8
TABLE: Permissible uniform and differential settlement and tilt for footings

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PLATE LOAD TEST

LOADING SYSTEMS: There are two loading set-up :

Fig: set up for gravity loading platform

Fig: set up for reaction loading platform

DETERMINATION OF SETTLEMENT:
According to Terzaghi and Peck (1948):

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PLATE LOAD TEST(cont.)

According to Bond (1961):

Table: Values of index n for different soils:

DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY:

Bearing capacity can be obtained from the load settlement curve

that can be plotted from settlement data.

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PLATE LOAD TEST(cont.)

Fig : Load- settlement curves

obtained from test

From the corrected load settlement curves (given below)the ultimate

bearing capacity in case of dense cohesionless soils or cohesive soils can be
obtained without difficulty (curves D and B ) as the failure is well defined.

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PLATE LOAD TEST(cont.)

Fig : Corrected LoadSettlement curve (in log-log scale)

The bearing capacity of sands and gravels increases with the size of footings.

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CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

The following conclusions can be drawn , they are Shallow foundations are used when the soil has sufficient strength

within a

short depth below the ground level.

Terzaghis equation is generally used for computation of bearing capacity of

soil.
For design purpose, it is usually necessary to investigate both the

bearing

capacity of soil and the settlement of a footing.

Plate load test is used to determine the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement

of a footing in field.
There are another tests like S.P.T and C.P.T also used to determine ultimate

bearing capacity.

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REFERENCES
IS 6403: 1981 (Reaffirmed 2002): Code of practice for determination of breaking capacity

of shallow foundations
IS:1888:1982 (Reaffirmed 1995) : Method of load test on soils
IS 1080 - 1985 (Reaffirmed 1997): Code of practice for design and construction of shallow

foundations in soils (other than raft, ring and shell).

IS 2950 (Part1) -1981 (Reaffirmed 1998): Code of practice for design and construction of

raft foundations - part 1 design.

IS 8009 (Part 1) - 1976 (Re affirmed 1998): Code of practice for calculation of settlements

of foundations part-1(swallow foundations subjected to symmetrical static vertical loads).

IS 8009 (Part 2) - 1980 (Re affirmed 1995): Code of practice for calculation of settlements

of foundations part-2(deep foundations subjected to symmetrical static vertical loading).

IS 9214 - 1979 (Re affirmed 1997): Method of determination of modulus of subgrade

reaction (k-value) of soils in field.

Soil mechanics and foundation: Punmia, Jain and Jain.
NPTEL Advanced foundation engineering.
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THANK YOU

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