Electrical Sciences- I

Sudheer H
hsudheeer@gmail.com

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 Textbook:
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering,
Leonard Bobrow, Oxford University Press
2nd edition 2005
Reference Books:
Engineering circuit analysis, W.H.Hayt,
J.E. Kemmerly, McGraw Hill company, 6th
Edition, 2000.
Electronic Devices & Circuits, Millman &
Halkias McGraw Hill, 2002.
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Reference Books:
Electrical Engineering: Principles and
Applications, Alan R. Hambley, Publisher,
2nd Edition 2003.
Electrical & Electronic Technology,
Hughes, Pearson education, eight edition
2003

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Lectur
e No.

(Ch./Sec./Text
Book)

Learning Objective

Topics to be covered

1-2

To understand the
concept of basic ckt.
Elements

Introduction to Basic Circuit

theory & Circuit elements

1.1

3-4

To understand the
concept of basic
electrical laws

KVL & KCL

1.2, 1.3

5-6

To understand the
concept of basic
sources

Independent & Dependent

sources

1.4,1.5

7-9

To understand the
methods of ckt.
Analysis

Mesh & Nodal Analysis, Ideal

Operational Amplifier (OPAMP) Applications

2.1,2.3,2.4

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10-11

To understand the
network theorems

Thevenins & Nortons theorem

2.5

12-14

To understand the
concept of basic
theorems

Linearity, Superposition,
Maximum power transfer
theorems

2.5,2.6

15

To solve non-series,
non parallel circuit
connections

Star- Delta transformation

R1/ 5.6

16-17

Learning
characteristics of
energy storage
elements

Energy storage
elements(Inductors &
Capacitors) their relationships &
their natural responses
3.1, 3.2, 3.3

18-21

To study forced and

free response of a
circuit

First order & second order

System responses

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3.4,3.5,3.6
5

22-23

To study basics of
semiconductors

Semiconductors: intrinsic and

doped; p-n junction

6.1,6.2

24-25

To study operation
and characteristics
of junction diodes

Junction Diode & its

characteristics

6.3,6.4,6.5

26-27

Application of diodes

Rectifier circuits & filters

R4/
21.1 21.6

28

Operation and
application of
Zener diodes

Zener Diode & its

characteristics

6.6

29-30

To study operation of
transistors

Introduction to transistors

7.1

31-32

To study classification
and characteristics pnp and npn transistors and their
of transistors
characteristics & operation
7.2,7.3

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33-34

To study operations of
FETS

FETs, their operation &

characteristics

8.1

35-36

To study
characteristics of
MOSFETS

MOSFETs & its characteristics,

CMOS its characteristics
(No application of CMOS)

8.2,8.4

37-38

To study working of
BJT

Biasing the BJT

9.1

39

To study A.C Model

of BJT

A.C Model of BJT (Low

frequency model)

9.1

40-41

Common emitter
characteristics

BJT Amplifier, common emitter

configuration

9.1

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Basic Electrical Quantities

Basic quantities: current, voltage and
power
Current: time rate of change of electric charge
I = dq/dt
1 Amp = 1 Coulomb/sec

Voltage: electromotive force or potential, V

1 Volt = 1 Joule/Coulomb = 1 Nm/coulomb

Power:

P=IV

1 Watt = 1 VoltAmp = 1 Joule/sec

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Voltage, V
Voltage is the difference in energy level of a
unit charge located at each of two points in
a circuit, and therefore, represents the
energy required to move the unit charge
from one point to the other
Circuit Element(s)

+
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V(t)
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Current, I
Normally we talk about the movement of positive
charges although we know that, in general, in
metallic conductors current results from electron
motion (conventionally positive flow)
The sign of the current indicates the direction of
flow
I(t)
Types of current:
direct current (dc): batteries and some special
generators
alternating current (ac): household current which
varies with time
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Default Sign Convention

Passive sign convention : current should
enter the positive voltage terminal
I
+

Circuit Element

Consequence for P = I V
Positive (+) Power: element absorbs power
Negative (-) Power: element supplies power
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BASIC ELEMENTS:
1. Voltage Sources
2. Current Sources
3. Resistors
LAWS:
1. Ohms Law
2. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
3. Kirchhoffs Current Law

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1. Voltage Sources
A device that produces
a voltage or potential
difference of V volts
across its terminals
regardless of what is
connected to it.

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Example 1.1
The voltage produced by the voltage source
shown above is described by v(t) =10e -tV.
Determine the value of the voltage at
t=0s,1s,2s.

At time t=0s =>V(t)=V(0)=10e-0=10 V;Then

t=1 s =>V(t) = V(1) =10e-1= 3.68 V
t=2 s =>V(t) = V(2) =10e-2= 1.35 V Finally,
t=3 s =>V(t) = V(3) =10e-3= 0.498 V

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2.Current Source
Is a device that
when connected to
anything, will always
move I amperes in
the direction
indicated by the
arrow.

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Equivalent ideal current source:

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Resistors
A resistor is a circuit element that
dissipates electrical energy (usually as
heat)
Real-world devices that are modeled by
resistors: incandescent light bulbs, heating
elements (stoves, heaters, etc.), long
wires
Resistance is measured in Ohms ()
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3.Resistance
Resistance is mathematically, is given by:
R = l / A
where is the resistivity (-m), l is the length (m),
and A is the cross-sectional area (m2) of the
conductor.
Note that is temperature dependent. The rate at
which the resistance changes with temperature is
called the temperature coefficient (). To determine
the resistance when T1 changes to T2 , use:
R2 = R1 [1 + ( T2 - T1 )]

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Resistor Colour Code

1
Band

1 , 2 Significant Figures
3
Multiplier
4
Tolerance
5
Reliability

Colour: Bk, Br, R, O, Y,

Band 1:
1 2 3 4
Band 2: 0 1 2 3 4
Band 3: 1 10 102 103 104
Band 4:
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Gn, Bl, V, Gr, W, Gl , S , No Colour

5 6 7 8 9
5 6 7 8 9
105 106 107
.1 .01
5% 10% 20%
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Models for Basic Electric

Components

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Ohms Law

Georg Ohm

There is a simple linear relationship

between voltage, current and resistance.

V IR
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4.Ohms Law
I
+

V
+
V

E
A

6
R

I (mA)

Ohms Law states that current in a resistive circuit is

directly proportional to its applied voltage and inversely
proportional to its resistance.
In equation form:
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V
I
R
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Exercise 1.2
For the circuit shown in fig, what value of R
will result in v(t)=-2.5V?
Fig

25A

+
R
i(t)

Answer:
V(t) = -2.5V
i(t) = -25 A
R= V

I
R= -2.5

-25 x 10-6

= 100k

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Independent Sources
An independent source (voltage or current)
may be DC (constant) or time-varying (AC),
but does not depend on other voltages or
currents in the circuit
+

Voltage
Source
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Current
Source
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Ohms Law

v(t) = i(t) R
- or p(t) = i2(t) R = v2(t)/R

V=IR
[+ (absorbing)]

i(t)
The
Rest of
the
Circuit
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v(t)

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Open Circuit
What if R = ?

i(t)=0
+

The
Rest of
the
Circuit

v(t)

i(t)=0

i(t) = v(t)/R = 0

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Short Circuit
What if R = 0 ?

i(t)
The
Rest of
the
Circuit

+
v(t)=0

v(t) = R i(t) = 0

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Series
Two elements are in series if the current that
flows through one must also flow through
the other.

R1

R1
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Series
R2

Not Series
R2
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Parallel
Two elements are in parallel if they are
connected between (share) the same two
(distinct) end nodes.
R1
R1

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R2

R2

Parallel

Not Parallel
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Kirchhoffs Laws
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
Algebraic sum of all currents entering a node
is zero
sum of currents entering node is equal to sum
of currents leaving node

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Algebraic sum of voltages around any loop in
a circuit is zero
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Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)

The sum of all the currents in a node is

equal to zero.

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I 0
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KCL (Kirchhoffs Current Law)

i1(t)

i5(t)

i2(t)

i4(t)
i3(t)

The Algebraic sum of currents entering the node

is zero:
n

i (t ) 0
j 1

Analogy: mass flow at pipe junction

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KCL (Kirchhoffs Current Law)

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Example 1.3
Let us find the voltage v in the two node circuit given
in Fig in which directions of i1,i2 and i3 and the
polarity of v were chosen arbitrarily. the directions of
the 2A and 13 A sources are given.)

i3
i1
13A 1

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i2
2

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2A

38

Current Division
If we know the current flowing into two parallel
resistors, we can find out how the current will
divide up in one step.
The value of the current through R1 is
i1 = iTOTAL R2 / (R1 + R2)

The value of the current through R2 is

iTOTAL
i2 = iTOTAL R1 / (R1 + R2)
Note that this differs slightly
R1
R2
from the voltage division
i1
formula for series resistors.
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i2
39

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Gustav Kirchoff

The sum of the voltage differences around

a circuit is equal to zero.

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V 0
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Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

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Parallel Circuit

IT
E

RT
I1

Ix = E / R x ;

R1

I2

R2

I3

R3

KCL: IT = I1 + I2 + I3 = E / RT

Elements/branches are said to be parallel when they have

only 2 nodes in common. The voltage across all parallel
elements in a circuit will be the same.
Voltage sources of different potentials should never be
connected in parallel.
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KVL
+

R
E

+
1

+
2

3
3

-2

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that for a closed loop:

V = 0, or Vrises = Vdrops
The total resistance of n resistors in series is:
RT = R1 + R2 + . . . + Rn
+ P2 + . . . + Pn
The total power is: PT = P1ES-I

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KVL

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Voltage Divider Rule

+

V
R

1
1

I
3
3

+
2

-2

The voltage applied to a series circuit will be

dropped across all the resistors in proportion to the
magnitude of the individual resistors.
Vx = (Rx / RT) E
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Equivalent Resistance:
Example I
a

20

20

20

20
b

20

30

12
b

b
a

17
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10
b

48

Equivalent Resistance: Example

II
8

10

10

8
a

5
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10
b

10
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10
b

2
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INDEPENDENT SOURCES:
1. Voltage Sources
2. Current Sources
DEPENDENT SOURCES:
1. Voltage controlled Voltage source
2. Voltage controlled Current source
3. Current controlled Voltage source
4. Current controlled Current source

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VOLTAGE SOURCE

is a two terminal network component with

terminal voltage vab specified by a time
function v(t) that is independent of the
terminal current iab.
Vab

i ab

V(t)
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Current Source
is a two terminal network component with
terminal current iab specified by a time
function i(t) that is independent of the
terminal voltage vab

i ab

Vab

b
i(t)

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REMEMBER
The voltage across a voltage source
is independent of the current through
it, and
The current through a current source
is independent of the voltage across
it.

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COMBINING SOURCES:
Series connection of voltage sources

+
v1 -

v2 a
- +
+
Arbitrary
v
Circuit
b

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+
--

v1+v2

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a
+
Same
v Arbitrary
Circuit
b
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COMBINING SOURCES:
Parallel
i connection of current
a

sources
i1

I1+i2

Arbitrary
Circuit

i2
b
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i
Same
Arbitrary
Circuit

b
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Consider the following Figure Find v

i
1

13A

i3

i2
+
v 2
-

2A

After Combining the Parallel Current Sources

11A
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+
v
-

2
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The Equivalent resistance of 3

1 1 1 1 6 3 2 11

R 1 2 3
6
6
6
R

11
By Ohms Law we have that

6
11 6V
v
11
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Dependent Sources
Some voltage (current) sources have their
voltage (current) values varying with some
other variables in the circuit
Dependent sources generate voltages or
currents proportional to other voltages or
currents appearing in the circuit

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Current controlled Voltage source

is a network component that establishes
a voltage vcd between two points c and d in
the circuit that is proportional to the
current i in some branch of the circuit.

+
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ri

c
+
vcd
- d
59

Current controlled Current source

is a network component that

establishes a current icd in one branch of a
circuit that is proportional to current i in
some branch of the network.
icd
c
i
d

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Voltage controlled Current source

is a network component that

establishes a current icd in a branch of the
circuit that is proportional to the input
voltage of the same circuit.
icd
c
gmv
d

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Voltage controlled Voltage source

is a network component that

establishes a voltage vcd between two
points c and d in the circuit that is
proportional to the input voltage v.

+
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vab

c
+
vcd
- d
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POWER
Power is defined as the rate of doing work or,
equivalently, as the rate of transfer of energy.
W
(watts, W)
P
t
where W is the work (or energy) in joules
and t is in seconds.
In terms of electrical quantities:
2

V
P VI I R
R
2

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Example
Consider the circuit in fig. Let us determine the
instantaneous power absorbed by each of the
elements for the case that I=10 A.
i

6V

+
-

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i1

i2

i3
3

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Solution
Since all the elements are connected in
parallel,
then the voltage across each of the
elements is 6 V.
Therefore by Ohms Law,

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6
6
6
i1 6 A; i 2 3 A; i 3 2 A
1
2
3
The power absorbed by 1, 2 and 3 resistors are

p1 6i1 36W ;
p 2 6i 2 18W ;
p 3 6i 3 12W ;

Respectively;

For the total of;

pR p1 p 2 p 3 36 18 12 66W
Absorbed by the resistors.
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By KCL,

i 10 i1 i 2 i 3 6 3 2 11
i 1A
Thus Power absorbed by voltage source

pv 6i 6W
Thus Power absorbed by Current source

pI 610 60W

Hence the total power absorbed in the circuit is

pR pV pI 66 6 60 0W
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