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ANALYSIS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

Two methods used in the analysis of heat exchangers.


1. the Log Mean Temperature Difference (or LMTD)
method
2. the EffectivenessNTU method
Assumptions
a. Heat exchangers usually operate for long periods of time with
no change in their operating conditions. Therefore, they can be
modeled as steady-flow devices.
b. The mass flow rate of each fluid remains constant, and the
fluid properties such as temperature and velocity at any inlet
or outlet remain the same.
c. The fluid streams experience little or no change in their
velocities and elevations, and thus the kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible.
d. The specific heat of a fluid, in general, changes with
temperature. But, in a specified temperature range, it can be
treated as a constant at some average value with little loss in
accuracy.
e. Axial heat conduction along the tube is usually insignificant
and can be considered negligible.
f. The outer surface of the heat exchanger is assumed to be
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perfectly
so that there
noMASSA
heat 2loss to the
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The first law of thermodynamics requires that the rate of heat


transfer from the hot fluid be equal to the rate of heat transfer
to the cold one

In heat exchanger analysis, it is often convenient to combine


the product of the mass flow rate and the specific heat of a
fluid into a single quantity. This quantity is called the heat
capacity rate
The heat capacity rate of a fluid stream represents the rate of
heat transfer needed to change the temperature of the fluid
stream by 1C as it flows through a heat exchanger
In a heat exchanger, the fluid with a large heat capacity rate
will experience a small temperature change, and the fluid with
a small heat capacity rate will experience a large temperature
change
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Q Cc (Tc ,out Tc ,in )


Q Ch (Th ,in Th ,out )
The heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger is equal to the heat
capacity
rate of either fluid multiplied by the temperature change of that
fluid
Two fluids that have the
same mass flow rate and
the same specific heat
experience the same
temperature change in a
well-insulated heat
exchanger

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Two special types of heat exchangers commonly used in practice


are condensers and boilers. One of the fluids in a condenser or a
boiler undergoes a phase-change process, and the rate of heat
transfer is

Q m h fg

An ordinary fluid absorbs or releases a large amount of heat


essentially at constant temperature during a phase-change
process
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The heat capacity rate of a fluid during a phase-change process


must approach infinity since the temperature change is
practically zero

Q m C p T

C m C p

jika T 0

In heat exchanger analysis, a condensing or boiling fluid is


conveniently modeled as a fluid whose heat capacity rate is
infinity

The rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger can also be


expressed in an
analogous manner to Newtons law of cooling as

Q UAs Tm

Where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient, As is the heat


transfer area, and
Tm is an appropriate average temperature difference between
the two fluids
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THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE METHOD


Consider the parallel-flow double-pipe heat exchanger

Note that the


temperature difference T
between the hot and cold
fluids is large at the inlet
of the heat exchanger but
decreases exponentially
toward the outlet
Assuming the outer
surface of the heat
exchanger to be well
insulated so that any heat
transfer occurs between
the two fluids, and
disregarding any changes
in kinetic and potential
energy
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Q m h C ph dTh

Q m c C pc dTc

The rate of heat loss from the hot fluid at any section of a
heat exchanger
is equal to the rate of heat gain by the cold fluid in that
section
Solving the equations above for dTh and dTc gives

Q
dTh
m hC ph

and

Q
dTc
m c C pc

1
1

m C

m
C
h
ph
c
pc

dTh dTc Q

The rate of heat transfer in the differential section of the heat


exchanger can
also be expressed as

Q U (Th Tc )dAs

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d (Th Tc )
1
1

UdAs

m C

Th Tc
m
C
h
ph
c
pc

Integrating from the inlet of the heat exchanger to its outlet

ln

Th ,out Tc ,out )
Th ,in Tc ,in

UAs

1
1

m hC ph m c C pc

Q UAs Tm

T1 T2
Tm
T1

ln
T2
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Th,

Th,

in

in

T1
Th,

T1

Tc,

out

T2

Tc,

out

Th,

out

out

T2
Tc,

in

Tc,
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in

For specified inlet and outlet temperatures, the log mean


temperature difference for a counter-flow heat exchanger
is always greater than that for a parallel-flow heat
exchanger.
That is, Tlm, CF > Tlm, PF, and thus a smaller surface area
(and thus a smaller heat exchanger) is needed to achieve a
specified heat transfer rate in a counter-flow heat
exchanger.
Therefore, it is common practice to use counter-flow
arrangements in heat exchangers

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Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers:


Use of a Correction Factor
The log mean temperature difference Tlm relation developed
earlier is limited to parallel-flow and counter-flow heat
exchangers only.
Similar relations are also developed for cross-flow and
multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers, but the resulting
expressions are too complicated because of the complex flow
conditions.
In such cases, it is convenient to relate the equivalent
Fmean
Tlm ,CF temperature
temperature difference toT
the
lm log
difference relation for the counter-flow case as
where F is the correction factor,
which depends on the geometry of
the heat exchanger and the inlet and
outlet temperatures of the hot and
cold fluid streams
The Tlm, CF is the log mean
temperature difference for the case
of a counter-flow heat exchanger

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The correction factor is less than unity for a cross-flow and


multipass shelland- tube heat exchanger.
That is, F 1. The limiting value of F = 1 corresponds to the counterflow heat exchanger.
Thus, the correction factor F for a heat exchanger is a
measure of deviation of the Tlm from the corresponding
values for the counter-flow case.
The correction factor F for common cross-flow and shelland-tube heat exchanger configurations is given in Figure
1318 versus two temperature ratios P and R defined as

t 2 t1
T1 t1

T1 T2 (m C p ) tube side
R

t 2 t1 (m C p ) shell side

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The determination of the heat transfer rate for cross-flow


and multipass
shell-and-tube heat exchangers using the correction factor

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Kerjakan Contoh soal dan


kumpulkan
EXAMPLE 133
EXAMPLE 134
EXAMPLE 135
EXAMPLE 136

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THE EFFECTIVENESSNTU
METHOD
Metoda LMTD digunakan dalam analisis sebuah HE bila

temperatur masuk dan keluar HE diketahui atau dapat


dengan mudah ditentukan
Dalam kasus dimana Temperatur tidak diketahui, maka
analisis HE akan lebih mudah menggunakan metoda yang
berdasarkan atas efektivitas HE dalam memindahkan
sejumlah kalor tertentu.
Metode ini disebut
Metoda
Q
ActualEffectiveness-NTU,
Heat Transfer rate yang
sebagai
:
didefinisikan

Q
Max possible heat transfer rata
max

Transfer kalor aktual dalam HE dapat dihitung dari energi yang


dilepas oleh fluida panas atau energi yang didapat oleh fluida
dingin.

Transfer kalor maximum didapat bila salah satu fluida


mengalami perubahan temperatur sebesar selisih temperatur
maximum yang terdapat dalam HE tsb, yaitu selisih temperatur
masuk fluida panas dan fluida dingin.
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Tmax Th ,in Tc ,in


Q max Bila fluida dingin dipanaskan sampai temperaturnya naik

mencapai temperatur fluida panas masuk atau bila fluida


panas didinginkan sampai temperaturnya turun mencapai
temperatur fluida dingin masuk
Fluida yang mempunyai heat
capacity rate (C= m Cp)
minimum akan mempunyai
perubahan temperatur
maximum

Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc ,in )

Cmin bisa fluida panas atau


fluida dingin tergantung
pada mass flow rate dan
specific heat

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Untuk Parallel flow HE


Fluida
panas

Fluida
dingin

Dari
persamaan

h
c
ln

Ch Th ,in Tc ,in

Cc Th ,in Tc ,in

Th ,in Tc ,in

Th ,in Tc ,in

h ,in

Tc ,in

c ,out

Tc ,in

Tc ,in

h ,in

UAs

Th ,out Tc ,out )

Th ,out

h ,in

Cc Tc ,out Tc ,in

Th ,out Tc ,out )

ln

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Ch Th ,in Th ,out

1
1

m h C ph m c C pc

UAs

m c C pc

m c C pc
1

m
C
h
ph

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ln

diperoleh

Dari
persamaan

Th ,out Tc ,out )
Th ,in Tc ,in

Cc
1

Ch

(1)

Q Cc (Tc ,out Tc ,in ) Ch (Th ,in Th ,out )

Th ,out

diperoleh

UAs

Cc

Cc
Th ,in
(Tc ,out Tc ,in )
Ch

(2)

Substitusikan persamaan (2) ke (1) dan disederhanakan,


dihasilkan

Cc Tc ,out Tc ,in )
UAs
ln 1 1

Ch Th ,in Tc ,in
Cc

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Cc
1
Ch

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(3)

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Definisi

Atau :

Q

Qmax

T
T

c ,out
h ,in

Tc ,in

Tc ,in

Cmin Th ,in Tc ,in

Cmin

Cc

Substitusikan ke persamaan (3)


dihasilkan :

parallel flow

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Cc Tc ,out Tc ,in

UAs
Cc
1
1 exp
Cc
Ch

Cc Cmin
1

C h Cc

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Ambil Cc atau Ch sebagai Cmin maka dihasilkan

parallel flow

Kelompok
suku

UAs
Cmin

UAs
Cmin
1

1 exp
Cmin
Cmax

Cmin
1

Cmax

merupakan bilangan tak


berdimensi

NTU

Disebut Number of
Heat Transfer Unit
(NTU)

parallel flow

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UAs
UAs

Cmin (m C p ) min

Cmin

1 exp NTU 1
Cmax

Cmin
1

Cmax

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C
Rasi min
Cmax
o

sehing
ga

disebut Heat Capacity


Ratio, c
C
c min
Cmax

parallel flow

1 exp NTU 1 c

1 c

= fungsi(NTU,c)
Untuk nilai c = 0, kasus Condenser dan Boiler,

1 exp( NTU )
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