Acceptance

Sampling

Introduction

The Acceptance-Sampling
Problem

Acceptance sampling is concerned

with inspection and decision making
regarding products.

The Acceptance-Sampling
Problem

Three aspects of sampling are

important:
1. Involves random sampling of an
entire lot
2. Accept and Reject Lots (does not
achieve quality improvement) Lot
sentencing

Three approaches to lot sentencing:

A. Accept with no inspection
B. 100% inspection
C. Acceptance sampling

Why Acceptance-Sampling

100 % inspection not possible

Economic in use
If vendor has excellent quality history
Strong motivation to improve, as the
entire lot is rejected.
But it runs a risk of rejecting a good lot
(producers risk) and accepting a poor lot
(consumer risk)

The Acceptance-Sampling
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sampling
Advantages

Less expensive

Reduced damage

Reduces the amount of inspection error

Disadvantages

Risk of accepting bad lots, rejecting good

lots.

Less information generated

Requires planning and documentation

Producers and consumer risk

The risk associated with rejecting a lot of good quality. It
is desirable to accept lot of this quality (Acceptable
quality level), for which a numerical value may be
prescribed by ANSI/ASQC. The maximum no. of /% of
non conformities a lot can be considered satisfactory on
average
Consumer risk is the risk of accepting a poor quality lot.
It is desirable to reject lot of this quality (limiting quality
level), for which a numerical value may be prescribed by
ANSI/ASQC. The no. of /% of non conformities in a lot
consumer whishes the probability of acceptance to be a
specified low level
American National Standards Institute/American Society of
Quality Control

Types of Sampling Plans

1. Single sampling plan (One sample at
a time)
2. Double-sampling plan (Two sample at
a time)
3. Multiple-sampling
plan
(Multiple
sample at a time)
4. Sequential-sampling

Lot Formation

Considerations before inspection:

Lots should be homogeneous
Larger lots more preferable than
smaller lots

Random Sampling

The units selected for inspection should be

chosen at random.

Random samples are not used, bias can be

introduced.

If any judgment methods are used to select

the sample, the statistical basis of the
acceptance-sampling procedure is lost.

Single-Sampling Plans
Definition of a Single-Sampling Plan

A single sampling plan is defined by sample size, n,

and the acceptance number c. Say there are N total
items in a lot. Choose n of the items at random. If
at least c of the items are unacceptable, reject the
lot.
N = lot size
n = sample size
c = acceptance number
d = observed number of defectives
The acceptance or rejection of the lot is based on
the results from a single sample - thus a singlesampling plan.

The OC Curve

The
operating-characteristic
(OC)
curve measures the performance of an
acceptance-sampling plan.
The OC curve plots the probability of
accepting the lot versus the lot fraction
defective.
The OC curve shows the probability that
a lot submitted with a certain fraction
defective will be either accepted or
rejected.

OC Curve Defined
What is an Operations
Characteristics Curve?
the probability of accepting
incoming lots vs. the proportions
of non conformities in that lot.
The perfect OC curve should be
0 and 1.
But it is not possible practically,
so OC curve is plotted using
hyper geometric distribution/
binomial/poisson
distribution
depending on the condition.

Operating Characteristic Curve (OCC)

Probability of accepting lot

An Operating Characteristic Curve (OCC) is a

probability curve for a sampling plan that shows the
probabilities of accepting lots with various lot
1 levels (% defectives).
quality
Under this sampling plan, if the lot has
3% defective
. the probability of accepting
the lot is 90%
. the probability of
rejecting the lot is 10%

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

If the lot has 20% defective

. it
has a small probability (5%) of being accepted
. the probability of rejecting the lot is 95%

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

.05

.10

.15

.20
Lot

quality (% defective

Probability of accepting lot

OCC, AQL & Producers Risk

1
Producers Risk = probability acceptable lot
is rejected

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

AQL - percentage level of

defects at which a customer is
willing to accept

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

.05

Acceptable Lot

.10

.15

.20 quality (% defective)

Lot

Probability of accepting lot

OCC, LQL & Consumers Risk

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

limiting quality level

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Consumers Risk = probability

unacceptable is accepted

0
0

.05

.10

.15

.20 quality (% defective)

Lot

Unacceptable
Lot

Properties of OC Curves
The acceptance number and sample
size are most important factors.
Decreasing the acceptance number is
preferred over increasing sample size.
The larger the sample size the steeper
the curve. When sample sizes are
increased the curve becomes steeper
and provides better protection for both
consumer and producer.

Properties of OC Curves
By
changing
the
acceptance level, the
shape of the curve
will change.
All
curves permit the
same
fraction
of
sample
to
be
nonconforming.

Average Outgoing Quality

Rectifying inspection applies to a lot that is rejected
through sampling plan. Such a lot go through 100%
inspection, known as screening, where non conforming
items are replaced.
AOQ is the average quality level of a series that leave the
inspection station.
The average outgoing quality is the average defective or
defect rate in released lot assuming rejected lots are 100%
inspected and all defectives/defects are removed. The
outgoing quality is better than the incoming quality
as a result of the 100% inspection of rejected lots.
= (Pa p( N-n))/N
Where Pa is the probability of accepting a batch (Can be
found using Poisson distribution) , p is the % of non
conformities, N is the lot size and n is the sample size.

The AOQ curve shows how outgoing

quality (y-axis) depends on the
incoming quality (X axis).

Average Outgoing Quality Limit

The AOQ curve initially increases as more
defectives/defects are produced, more are
released. As more and more lots are rejected,
100% inspections become more common and the
AOQ curve starts to decrease as a result. The
maximum value of the AOQ curve is called
theAverage Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL).

The maximum AOQ is the average quality

level, or the worst average quality that would
leave the inspection station regardless of
rectification.

Average Total inspection

The average total inspection per lot depends on the incoming
quality, the probability that the lot will be accepted, and the
sample and lot sizes.
When incoming quality is very good (for example, no product
in the lot has a defect), then you inspect the specified sample
size.
When the incoming quality is very bad (for example, every
product in the lot has a defect), then you resort to 100%
inspection. Because the quality levels varies between lots,
the average number inspected across many lots falls
between 0% and 100% of the lot size.
ATI is the average no. of items inspected per lot.
ATI= n+(1- Pa ) (N-n)

The average total inspection (ATI) plot depicts the

relationship between the quality of the incoming
material and the number of items that need to be
inspected, assuming that rejected lots will be 100%
inspected and that a rectifying inspection of
defective items will be performed. In a rectifying
inspection, defective items are either removed,
reworked, or replaced.