Concept of Stress

A member subjected to a general combination of loads is

cut into two segments by a plane passing through Q

The distribution of internal stress components may be

defined as,
F x
x lim
A 0 A

xy lim

A 0

V yx
A

Vzx
xz lim
A 0 A

For equilibrium, an equal and opposite internal force and

stress distribution must be exerted on the other segment
of the member.

 Stress components are defined for the planes cut parallel to the x, y
and z axes. First sub index is for the parallel axis, second for the
perpendicular index. For equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses
are exerted on the hidden planes.
The combination of forces generated by the stresses must satisfy
the conditions for equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
Mx My Mz 0
Consider the moments about the z axis:
M z 0 xy A a yx A a
xy yx
similarly,

yz zy

and

yz zy

Therefore, only 6 components of stress are required to define

the complete state of stress for an uniform material.

Safety Factor
Structural members or machines must be designed such that the working
stresses are less than the ultimate strength of the material.
FS Factor of safety
FS

u
ultimate stress

all allowable stress

A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on a stress-free Al plate

of thickness t = 3/4 in. Forces acting in the plane of the plate
later cause normal stresses x = 12 ksi and z = 20 ksi. For E =
10x106 psi and = 1/3, determine the change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate, and
d) the volume of the plate.

SOLUTION:
Apply Hookes Law to find the three
components of normal strain.
x

x y z

E
E
E
1

10 10 psi
6

0.533 10 in./in.

x y z
y

E
E
E
1.067 103 in./in.

x y z

E
E
E
3

1.600 10 in./in.

12 ksi 0 1 20 ksi

Evaluate the deformation components.

x d 0.533 103 in./in. 9 in.

4.8 103 in.

z d 1.600 103 in./in. 9 in.

14.4 103 in.

t y t 1.067 103 in./in. 0.75 in.

t 0.800 103 in.

Find the change in volume

e x y z 1.067 103 in 3/in 3
V eV 1.067 103 15 15 0.75 in 3
V 0.187 in 3

Pure Bending Stress

Pure Bending is found where prismatic members are subjected to
equal and opposite moments acting in the same longitudinal plane.
Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent to a couple. The
moment of the couple is the section bending moment.
The sum of the components of the forces in any direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis perpendicular to the plane
of the couple and zero about any axis contained in the plane.

Equilibrium conditions are:

Section FBD:

Fx x dA 0
M y z x dA 0
M z y x dA M

Asumptions:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom increases. Therefore, a neutral
surface must exist that is parallel to the upper and lower surfaces and for
which the length does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive) above the neutral plane and
positive (tension) below it.
After deformation, the length of the neutral surface remains L. At other
sections
L y

L L y y

y
y

c
c
m
or

m
y
x m
c
x

(strain varies linearly)

 For a linearly elastic material,

y
x E x E m
c
y
x m (stress varies linearly)
c

For static equilibrium,

y
Fx 0 x dA m dA
c

0 m y dA
c

First moment with respect to neutral

plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the section
centroid.

For static equilibrium,

y

M y x dA y m dA
c

I
M m y 2 dA m
c
c
Mc M
m

I
S
y
Substituti ng x m
c
My
x
I

 Deformation due to bending moment M is quantified by the curvature of

the neutral surface
1 m m
1 Mc

c Ec Ec I
1 M ( x)

EI

Although cross sectional planes remain planar when subjected to bending

moments, in-plane deformations are nonzero,

y x

z x

From calculus, the curvature of a function y(x):

d2y
dx 2

dy

dx

2 3 2

d2y
dx 2

1
d2y
EI EI 2 M x

dx

Substituting and integrating twice the moment

function:
Constants are determined from boundary conditions:

Simply supported beam

y A 0,

yB 0

Overhanging beam
y A 0,

yB 0

dy
EI EI
M x dx C1
dx
0

EI y dx M x dx C1x C2

Cantilever beam
y A 0, A 0

Problema de deflecciones

C_09_01 pg 9 ss

Beams Made of Several Materials

Consider a composite beam formed from two linear elastic materials
with E1 and E2.
y

x
Normal strain varies linearly.

Each material has a linear normal stress variation.

1 E1 x

E1 y

2 E2 x

E2 y

It is obvious that Neutral axis does not pass through section

centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
Ey
E y
dF1 1dA 1 dA dF2 2 dA 2 dA

Define a transformed section such that

My
I

1 x

2 n x

dF2

nE1 y dA E1 y n dA

E
n 2
E1