Logic and Critical

Thinking
School of Business and
Management
Institut Teknologi Bandung

Problem Solving Model- a

decision making process

Total Quality Control

L1

L2

L3

L4
Mochamad
Djaelani

Rencanakan Perbaikan (5W+1H)

Daur PDCA #2
L4

Rencanakan Perbaikan (5W+1H)

L5

Laksanakan

L6

L7

Standarisasi

L8

Masalah Berikut

Mochamad Djaelani

5 Why
Problem Tree
Fishbone Diagram

IDENTIFY PROBLEM

Root Cause Analysis Technique

- Five Whys
Five Why's refers to the practice of asking,
five times, why the problem exists in order
to get to the root cause of the problem
Employe
e
turnover
rate has
been
increasin
g

Why?

Employees are
leaving for
other jobs

Why?

Why?

Employees are Employees feel

not satisfied
that they are
underpaid

Why?

Why?

Other
employers are
paying higher
salaries

Demand for
such
employees has
increased in
the market

Problem Tree
Specify broad objective of the programme
Identify constraints to achieving this
objective (What are the hinderances)
Sort constraints into cause and effect logic
to create a Problem Tree
EFFECT
The ultimate
solution must
address the
Causes
CAUSE

and NOT the

Effects

Example Problem Tree

Objective : Lead a Healthy Lifestyle
Unhealthy
Lifestyle

EFFECT

Overweig
ht
Eat
unhealthy
foods

Unfit

CAUSE

No
Motivatio
n/ Boring

Too Busy/
No Time

Old
Habits/

Cant
afford
Gym

Cant
afford
stove
Work
Functions

Laziness/
No

Cant
afford
Healthy
Foods

Only eat
staple
foods

No Time to
prepare
healthy

No access
to Fresh

Eat
Convenie
nce Foods

Misinformation

Root Cause Analysis Technique

Fishbone Diagram
Fishbone Diagram (a.k.a. Cause and Effect Diagram) is an
analysis tool that provides a systematic way of looking at effects
and the causes that create or contribute to those effects.
Cause

Cause
Detail

Detail

Detail

Detail

Result (Problem)

Cause

Cause

The value of the Fishbone Diagram is that it provides a method

for categorizing the many potential causes of problems or issues
in an orderly way and in identifying root causes

Example Fishbone
Diagram

Example Fishbone
Diagram

Brainstorming
Survey

CREATING ALTERNATIVES

Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a process,
or can be say as a tool,
used by teams or groups to
generate a large numbers of
idea about a specific
problem or topic.
The key ingridient is to
provide an environment free
of criticism for creative and
unrestricted exploration of
options or solutions
13

Why Brainstorming
Benefits of Brainstorming
Creativity
Large number of ideas
All team members involved
Sense of ownership in
decisions
Input to other tools
14

Surveys
A survey is often the best way to get information and
feedback to use in planning and program improvement.

Designing and implementing a survey is a

systematic process of gathering information on a
specific topic by asking questions of individuals
and then generalizing the results to the groups
represented by the respondents.

Must and Wants Analysis

SELECT ALTERNATIVES

Must and Wants Analysis

Must and Wants Analysis

Example Must and Wants

Analysis

Action Plan Checklist

IMPLEMENT THE
SOLUTION

Implement the Solution(1)

1. Develop an action plan: implementation requires
a series of steps to
Articulate who has to do what, with what resources, by what
time, and toward what goal
Identify who must know about the decision

2. Determine objectives: Objectives are measurable

targets that are
Used to monitor progress and establish priorities
Based on analysis of the situation and contingencies

3. Identify needed resources: Resources include

people, information (data), and things. Ask your self:
What resources do I need?
Where will I get them?
How long it will take?
What can others offer?
Are there any special requirements?

Implement the Solution(2)

4. Build a plan: Your plan should state
Who
Will do what (and with whom)
By when
Where
How

5. Implement the plan: use the action

plan to put decision in place

Its all about CHANGES

Reaksi Emosi terhadap Perubahan

COMMITMENT
ACCEPTANCE
UNDERSTANDING
EXPLORATION
RESISTENCE
DENIAL
SHOCK

Its all about CHANGES

Necessity

Vision

Plan

Resources

Competence=

Change

Necessity

Vision

Plan

Resources

Competence=

Resistan
ce

Necessity

Vision

Plan

Resources

Competence=

Confusio
n

Necessity

Vision

Plan

Resources

Competence=

Chaos

Necessity

Vision

Plan

Resources

Competence=

Frustatio
n

Necessity

Vision

Plan

Resources

Competence=

Fear

Thank you very much