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INTRODUCTION
Liquid and gases
can flow and are
called fluids. Since
we live in an
environment filled
with them, fluids
play important roles
in our daily lives.
DENSITY
Definition of Density, :
The density, of a
material is its mass, m
per volume, V
= m/V
SI unit: kg/m3
Fluids with different
properties have
different density
PRESSURE
Definition of Pressure
Pressure, P is force, F per area, A:
P = F/A
Pressure is often given in the terms
of Pascal (Pa).
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 760 mm Hg
1 mm Hg = 1 torr = 133.32 Pa
SI unit: N/m2
Hence, W = mg
= pVg
= p(hA)g
Fbottom = Ftop + W
= PatA + (hA)g
Pbottom = Fbottom/A
= [PatA + (hA)g] / A
= Pat + hg
EXAMPLE 1
The Titanic was found in 1985
lying on the bottom of the North
Atlantic at a depth of 2.5 miles.
What is the pressure at this
depth? ( = 1025 kg/m3)
EXAMPLE 2
A cubic box 20.00 cm on a side is
completely immersed in a fluid. At
the top of the box the pressure is
105.0 kPa; at the bottom the
pressure is 106.8 kPa. What is the
density of the fluid?
BAROMETER
Barometer is an
equipment which is used
to measure atmospheric
pressure.
A fluid that is often used
in barometer is mercury.
EXAMPLE 3
A U-shaped tube is filled mostly with
water, but a small amount of vegetable
oil has been added to one side. The
density of the water is 1000 kg/m3 and
the density of the vegetable oil is 920
kg/m3. If the depth of the oil is 5.00
cm, what is the difference in level, h
between the top of the oil on one side
of the U and the top of the water on the
other side?
PASCALS PRINCIPLE
An external pressure applied to an
enclosed fluid is transmitted
unchanged to every point within the
fluid.
Therefore,
F2 = (P)A2
EXAMPLE 4
To inspect a 14,500 N car, it is
raised with a hydraulic lift. If
the radius of the small piston is
4.0 cm, and the radius of the
large piston is 17 cm, find the
force that must be exerted on
the small piston to lift the car.
BUOYANT FORCE
Fluids surrounding an object
exert a force in the upward
direction. The force is known
as buoyant force.
Consider a cubical block
immersed in a fluid of density,
. The surrounding fluid
exerts normal forces on all of
its faces. The horizontal
forces pushing to the right and
to the left are equal, hence
they cancel and have no effect
on the block.
F2 > F1
Buoyant force, Fb = F2 F1
= gL3
Note that gL3 is the weight of fluid that would occupy the same
volume as the cube. Therefore, the buoyant force is equal to the
weight of fluid that is displaced by the cube.This phenomenon is
known as Archimedes Principle.
EXAMPLE 5
A piece of wood with a density of 706
kg/m3 is tied with a string to the
bottom of a water filled container. The
wood is completely immersed, and has
a volume of 8.00 x 10-6 m3. What is
the tension in the string?
SURFACE TENSION
A fluid tends to pull
inward on its
surface, resulting in
a surface of
minimum area.
The surface of the fluid
behaves much like an
elastic membrane
enclosing the fluid.
This kind of surface
enable the insects to
stand on the surface
of the water.
FLUID FLOW
Objectives :
a) identify the simplifications used in
describing ideal fluid flow.
b) use the continuity equation and
Bernoullis equation to explain
common effects of ideal fluid flow
The flow was started from rest, and at this instant the pattern shows the
development of a complex wake structure on the downstream side of the
cylinder.
EQUATION OF
CONTINUITY
Fig. a) mass enters
tube, m1 =
1V1
= 1(A1x1)
= 1(A1v1t)
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
a statement of the
conservation of energy for a
fluid.
Work-Energy Theorem ---
has great generality for fluid
flow.
F1 does positive work : in the
same direction as the fluids
motion
F2 does negative work :
opposite to the fluid motion
2. Airplane lift
Because of the shape and orientation of an
airfoil or airplane wing, the air streamlines are
closer together, and the air speed is greater
above the wing than below it. The resulting
pressure difference supplies an upward force,
or lift.
. Streamline flow around an airplane wing.
. The pressure above is less than the pressure
below, and there is a dynamic lift force upward.
VISCOSITY
objectives : to discuss fluid
viscosity.
Viscosity is a fluids internal
resistance to
flow.
Fig.
(a) : (All real fluids
Streamlines
never cross and
have a nonzero
viscosity.)
are closer together in
regions of greater fluid
velocity. The stationary
paddle wheel indicates that
the flow is irrotational, or
without whirlpools and eddy
currents
POISEUILLES LAW
When a fluid flows through a
pipe, there is frictional drag
between the liquid and the
walls, and the fluid velocity
is greater toward the center
of the pipe.
refer Fig. b) : this effect makes a
The flow rate depends on
difference in a fluids average
the properties of the fluid
flow rate
and the dimensions of the
pipe, as well as on the
pressure difference (P)
between the ends of the
where,
pipe.
P is pressure difference,
r is radius,
L is length and
is viscosity.
TERMINAL VELOCITY
When things move through a
fluid, drag increases with speed.
This is because they encounter
more fluid per second and hit it
harder.
= ma
m
D
so the acceleration
is
ag
Or
When v = 0, D = 0 so a =
g. (This is the initial
acceleration.)
As v increases, D
increases, so a falls.
Eventually a velocity is
reached when D = mg, and
then a = 0.
STOKES LAW
In1845 a scientist named George Stokes found
that the magnitude of the resistive force, Fr on a
very small spherical object of radius r falling
slowly through a fluid of viscosity with terminal
velocity, vT is given by
Fr = 6rvT
This equation, called Stokes Law, has many
important applications.
For example, it describes the sedimentation of
particulate matter in blood samples.