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FLUIDS MECHANICS

Prepared by: Nor hayati Bt


Muhd Shamshudin

INTRODUCTION
Liquid and gases
can flow and are
called fluids. Since
we live in an
environment filled
with them, fluids
play important roles
in our daily lives.

Both study involve


Newtons Law and
conversation of
energy

Fluids statics study


at rest in
equilibrium while
fluids dynamics
study fluids in
motion.

DENSITY
Definition of Density, :
The density, of a
material is its mass, m
per volume, V
= m/V
SI unit: kg/m3
Fluids with different
properties have
different density

PRESSURE
Definition of Pressure
Pressure, P is force, F per area, A:
P = F/A
Pressure is often given in the terms
of Pascal (Pa).
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 760 mm Hg
1 mm Hg = 1 torr = 133.32 Pa
SI unit: N/m2

PRESSURE & DEPTH


The top surface of the
fluid is open to the
atmosfera, with pressure
Pat. If the cross-sectional
area of the container is
A, the downward force
exerted on the top
surface by the atmosfera
is
Ftop = PatA

At the bottom of the


container, the downward
force is Ftop plus the

Hence, W = mg
= pVg
= p(hA)g

Fbottom = Ftop + W
= PatA + (hA)g
Pbottom = Fbottom/A
= [PatA + (hA)g] / A
= Pat + hg

EXAMPLE 1
The Titanic was found in 1985
lying on the bottom of the North
Atlantic at a depth of 2.5 miles.
What is the pressure at this
depth? ( = 1025 kg/m3)

EXAMPLE 2
A cubic box 20.00 cm on a side is
completely immersed in a fluid. At
the top of the box the pressure is
105.0 kPa; at the bottom the
pressure is 106.8 kPa. What is the
density of the fluid?

BAROMETER
Barometer is an
equipment which is used
to measure atmospheric
pressure.
A fluid that is often used
in barometer is mercury.

Mercury has a density,


= 1.3595 x 104 kg/m3
Pat = hg
= (1.3595 x 104 kg/m3)
(0.760 m)(9.81 m/s2)
= 1.013 x 105 Pa

EXAMPLE 3
A U-shaped tube is filled mostly with
water, but a small amount of vegetable
oil has been added to one side. The
density of the water is 1000 kg/m3 and
the density of the vegetable oil is 920
kg/m3. If the depth of the oil is 5.00
cm, what is the difference in level, h
between the top of the oil on one side
of the U and the top of the water on the
other side?

PASCALS PRINCIPLE
An external pressure applied to an
enclosed fluid is transmitted
unchanged to every point within the
fluid.

A hydraulic lift works according to Pascals principle

A force F1 exerted on the small piston causes a much


larger force, F2, to act on the large piston.
When force F1 exerted on the small piston, this increases
the pressure in that cylinder by the amount of

By Pascals Principle, the pressure in cylinder 2 increases


by the same amount.

Therefore,
F2 = (P)A2

EXAMPLE 4
To inspect a 14,500 N car, it is
raised with a hydraulic lift. If
the radius of the small piston is
4.0 cm, and the radius of the
large piston is 17 cm, find the
force that must be exerted on
the small piston to lift the car.

BUOYANT FORCE
Fluids surrounding an object
exert a force in the upward
direction. The force is known
as buoyant force.
Consider a cubical block
immersed in a fluid of density,
. The surrounding fluid
exerts normal forces on all of
its faces. The horizontal
forces pushing to the right and
to the left are equal, hence
they cancel and have no effect
on the block.

F2 > F1

The downward force


exerted on the top face
is less than the upward
force exerted on the
lower face. This is
because the pressure at
the lower face is greater.
Thus, the difference in
forces gives rise to a net
upward force that is
known as Buoyant Force.

To calculate the value of buoyant force:


Firstly, assume that the cubical block is of length L on the side and
the pressure on the top surface is P1.

Force that acts on top surface, F1


F 1 = P1 A = P 1 L 2
Force that acts on bottom surface, F2
F2 = P2A (P2 = P1+gL)
F2 = (P1+gL)L2
= P1L2 +gL3
= F1 + gL3

Buoyant force, Fb = F2 F1
= gL3

Note that gL3 is the weight of fluid that would occupy the same
volume as the cube. Therefore, the buoyant force is equal to the
weight of fluid that is displaced by the cube.This phenomenon is
known as Archimedes Principle.

EXAMPLE 5
A piece of wood with a density of 706
kg/m3 is tied with a string to the
bottom of a water filled container. The
wood is completely immersed, and has
a volume of 8.00 x 10-6 m3. What is
the tension in the string?

SURFACE TENSION
A fluid tends to pull
inward on its
surface, resulting in
a surface of
minimum area.
The surface of the fluid
behaves much like an
elastic membrane
enclosing the fluid.
This kind of surface
enable the insects to
stand on the surface
of the water.

FLUID FLOW
Objectives :
a) identify the simplifications used in
describing ideal fluid flow.
b) use the continuity equation and
Bernoullis equation to explain
common effects of ideal fluid flow

This photograph was taken in a water tunnel using hydrogen bubbles to


visualize the flow pattern around a cylinder.

The flow was started from rest, and at this instant the pattern shows the
development of a complex wake structure on the downstream side of the
cylinder.

Four characteristics of an ideal fluid :


Condition 1 :
Steady flow means that all the particles of a fluid have
the same velocity
as they pass a given point.
Condition 2 :
Irrotational flow means that a fluid element (a small
volume of the fluid)
has no net angular velocity, which eliminates the possibility of
whirlpools
and eddy currents. (The is non turbulent.)

EQUATION OF
CONTINUITY
Fig. a) mass enters
tube, m1 =
1V1
= 1(A1x1)
= 1(A1v1t)

Fig. b) mass exits tube,


m2 =
2V2
= 2(A2x2)
= 2(A2v2t)
since the mass is conserved,
m1 = m2
1A1v1 = 2A2v2
or Av = constant equation of
continuity
for an incompressible fluid, the
density is constant, so
A1v1 = A2v2
or Av = constant flow rate
equation

By the flow rate


equation, the speed of
a fluid is greater when
the cross-sectional
area of the tube
through which the fluid
is flowing is smaller.

Think of a hose that is


equipped with a nozzle
such that the crosssectional area of the
hose is made smaller.

BERNOULLIS EQUATION
a statement of the
conservation of energy for a
fluid.
Work-Energy Theorem ---
has great generality for fluid
flow.
F1 does positive work : in the
same direction as the fluids
motion
F2 does negative work :
opposite to the fluid motion

BERNOULLIS EQUATION CAN BE


APPLIED TO MANY SITUATIONS.
1. Venturi meter
In a region of smaller cross-sectional
area, the flow speed is greater; the
pressure in that region is lower than in
other regions.

The pressure P1 is greater than


the pressure P2, because v1 < v2.
This device can be used to
measure the speed of fluid flow.

2. Airplane lift
Because of the shape and orientation of an
airfoil or airplane wing, the air streamlines are
closer together, and the air speed is greater
above the wing than below it. The resulting
pressure difference supplies an upward force,
or lift.
. Streamline flow around an airplane wing.
. The pressure above is less than the pressure
below, and there is a dynamic lift force upward.

3. Fluid flow from a tank


If we assume that the cross-sectional area of
the tank is large relative to that of the hole
(A2 A1), then the water level drops very
slowly and we can assume v2 0.

Let us apply Bernoullis equation to points 1


and 2.

If we note that P1 = P2 at the hole, we get v1 =

VISCOSITY
objectives : to discuss fluid
viscosity.
Viscosity is a fluids internal
resistance to
flow.
Fig.
(a) : (All real fluids
Streamlines
never cross and
have a nonzero
viscosity.)
are closer together in
regions of greater fluid
velocity. The stationary
paddle wheel indicates that
the flow is irrotational, or
without whirlpools and eddy
currents

Fig a) internal friction


causes the layers of the
fluid to move relative to
each other in response to a
shear stress; called laminar
flow.

Fig b) at higher velocities, the


flow becomes rotational (the
speed of the fluid is less near
the walls of the pipe than
near the centre because of
frictional drag between the
walls and the fluid); called
turbulent.

The viscosities of some fluids


are listed in Table below.
The greater the viscosity of the
liquid, which is easier to
visualize than that of the gas,
the greater is the shear stress
required to get the layers of
the liquid to slide along each
other.
Example : the large viscosity of
glycerin compared to that of
water.

POISEUILLES LAW
When a fluid flows through a
pipe, there is frictional drag
between the liquid and the
walls, and the fluid velocity
is greater toward the center
of the pipe.
refer Fig. b) : this effect makes a
The flow rate depends on
difference in a fluids average
the properties of the fluid
flow rate
and the dimensions of the
pipe, as well as on the
pressure difference (P)
between the ends of the
where,
pipe.
P is pressure difference,

r is radius,
L is length and
is viscosity.

TERMINAL VELOCITY
When things move through a
fluid, drag increases with speed.
This is because they encounter
more fluid per second and hit it
harder.

For low velocities, drag is


The resultant downward force
proportional to speed, and for
will now be the difference
higher velocities it increases with between weight W (= mg)
velocity squared.
and drag D (which increases

with velocity) so the equation


In either case the motion will
of motion is:
differ from free fall.
resultant F = W D
= mg D
mg D
a

= ma
m
D
so the acceleration
is

ag

Or

When v = 0, D = 0 so a =
g. (This is the initial
acceleration.)

As v increases, D
increases, so a falls.

Eventually a velocity is
reached when D = mg, and
then a = 0.

The object continues to fall at


a constant terminal velocity

STOKES LAW
In1845 a scientist named George Stokes found
that the magnitude of the resistive force, Fr on a
very small spherical object of radius r falling
slowly through a fluid of viscosity with terminal
velocity, vT is given by
Fr = 6rvT
This equation, called Stokes Law, has many
important applications.
For example, it describes the sedimentation of
particulate matter in blood samples.

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