Tolerancing

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Tolerancing
Tolerancing

Tolerances are used to control

the variation in size that exists
on all manufactured parts.
The amount that a size is allowed
to vary depends on the function
of the part & its assembly.
electric drill vs. jet engine

The more accuracy required in a

part (smaller tolerance) the
greater the cost.
Tolerances allow for
interchangeable parts, which
permits the replacement of
individual parts in an assembly
instead of replacing the whole
system if a part goes bad or fails.

Tolerance
Tolerance

Tolerance is the total amount a

dimension may vary. It is the
difference between the maximum size
and the minimum size.
Tolerances can be expressed on a
drawing in several ways:
a general tolerance note in the
titleblock.
direct limits, or as tolerance values
applied directly to a dimension. (Fig.
11.8)
geometric tolerances (Fig. 11.31a)
notes referring to specific
conditions (page 364)

Dimensions
Dimensions

Limit dimensions:
2.504
2.496

Plus/minus dimensions:
+0.008
2.496
-0.000
unilateral

.500
.506

0.500

+0.006
-0.000

bilateral
2.500 0.004

0.503 0 .003

Tolerancing
Tolerancing Terms
Terms

Nominal size: the name or general

size. Often expressed as a fraction.
Basic size: the theoretical size used as
a starting point for the application of
tolerances. Nominal size in decimal
format.
Actual size: the measured size of the
finished part.
Limits: the maximum & minimum sizes
shown by the toleranced dimension.
MMC (maximum material condition): the
condition of a part in which it contains
the most amount of material.
EX: biggest shaft or smallest hole.
LMC (least material condition): the
condition of a part in which it contains
the least amount of material.

Tolerance,
Tolerance, MMC,
MMC, LMC?
LMC?

Limit dimensions:

Tolerance?
Width
Hole

2.504
2.496

0.500
0.506

MMC?

Plus/minus dimensions:
+0.008
2.496
-0.000
unilateral

bilateral

2.500 0.004

0.500

+0.006
-0.000

0.503 0 .003

Complete
Complete Activity
Activity
10
10 TOL-1
TOL-1

Remember x.xxxx
I.e. 0.1234
I.e. 2.1200

Fit
Fit

Fit: the degree of tightness

between mating parts.
The three most common types of fit
found in industry are:
Clearance fit - there is always a
space between the 2 mating
parts. (shaft is smaller than the
hole)
Interference fit - the 2 mating
parts always interfere with one
another in assembly. (shaft is
bigger than the hole)
Transition fit - sometimes a
clearance fit & sometimes an
interference fit between the
mating parts.

Tolerancing
Tolerancing Terms
Terms

Basic size: the theoretical size

used as a starting point for the
application of tolerances.
Nominal size in decimal format.
Allowance: the min. clearance or
max. interference between 2 parts.
Clearance
Interference

Maximum
Interference
Clearance
Min or Max?
Minimum

Clearance
Clearance Fit
Fit

Interference
Interference Fit
Fit

0.001

0.001

ALLOWANCE =

Page
Page 362
362 -- Hands
Hands On
On
11.1a
11.1a && bb in
in groups
groups on
on
the
the board
board and
and cc by
by
yourself
yourself
Hands-On (not Figure) 11.1 Are the
fits clearance, transitional or
interference? Use categories below
(Mistakes in textbook)
A
Hole Tolerance?
Shaft Tolerance?
Minimum clearance/
interference?
Maximum clearance/
interference?
Allowance?

Complete
Complete Activity
Activity 10
10
TOL-3
TOL-3 #s
#s 4,
4, 5,
5, &
& 66
Shaft (Tab)
Information given?
Size of tab, clearance fit, allowance
0.005, and tolerance on slot is .002.
Minimum or maximum interference?
Which is between
Largest Hole / Smallest Shaft?
Largest Hole / Largest Shaft?
Smallest Hole / Largest Shaft?
Smallest Hole / Smallest Shaft?

Basic
Basic Systems
Systems

Basic Hole System

Standard reamers, etc., are used to
produce holes and standard gauges
used to check sizes. Shafts are
machined.
Determine Minimum hole size,
apply allowance, then apply
tolerances.

Basic Shaft System

Not used often. However,
advantageous when shafts cannot
be easily machined to size or when
several parts fit onto one shaft.
Determine Maximum shaft size,
apply allowance, then apply
tolerances.

ANSI
ANSI Standard
Standard Fits
Fits

A group of English unit tolerance

relationships developed called
preferred precision fits. They are
specified in ANSI B4.1.
The five classes are: Table 11.1 pg
367

Running & sliding fits (RC)

Clearance locational fits (LC)
Transition locational fits (LT)
Interference locational fits (LN)
Force or shrink fits (FN)

These tolerances are specified in

Appendixes 5 through 9, pages
a23-a30. The values in these
tables are given in
THOUSANDTHS of an inch.
Example: 1.2 = 0.0012

Class
Class RC9:
RC9:
Basic
Basic DIA
DIA == 2.0000
2.0000
RC means?
9 means?

Hole limits =

Shaft limits =

Shaft Tolerance =
Hole Tolerance =
Max. Clearance =
Min. Clearance =

Class
Class FN2:
FN2:
Basic
Basic DIA
DIA == 0.5000
0.5000
FN means?
2 means?

Hole limits =

Shaft limits =

Shaft Tolerance =
Hole Tolerance =
Max. Interference =
Min. Interference =

Complete
Complete Activity
Activity 10
10
Tol-2
Tol-2 and
and Finish
Finish Tol-3
Tol-3
(#s
(#s 1,
1, 2,
2, &
& 3)
3)

Metric
Metric Fit
Fit -- Terms
Terms

Basic size: size to which limits of deviation are

assigned. (Fig.11.9, p 365)
Must be same for both parts
Basic sizes selected from chart in Table 11.2 (p
371)
Deviation: difference between the actual size and the
basic size. (Fig 11.14, p. 369) (Tolerance)
Upper deviation: difference between the max. size
limit & the basic size.
Hole system: Upper deviation (tolerance) is the
difference between the largest shaft size and the
basic size (minimum clearance or maximum
interference, also known as allowance).
Shaft system: Upper deviation (tolerance) is the
difference between the largest hole and the basic
size (maximum clearance or minimum
interference).
Lower deviation: difference between the min. size
limit & the basic size.
Hole system: Lower deviation (tolerance) is the
difference between the smallest shaft size and the
basic size (maximum clearance or minimum
interference).
Shaft system: Lower deviation (tolerance) is the
difference between the smallest hole and the basic
size (minimum clearance or maximum interference,
also known as allowance).

Metric
Metric Fit
Fit -- Terms
Terms

Fundamental deviation: the deviation

closest to the basic size. (Fig 11.18, p
370)
Preferred Fits: There are 2 systems
used to indicate preferred fits in the
metric system. (Table 11.3, page 372)
Hole basis
Capital H indicates Hole Basis System.

Shaft basis
Any other capital letter, I.e. S, indicates
Shaft Basis System

Basic
Basic Shaft
Shaft System
System
Fundamental deviation
for the shaft equals the
basic size

Fundamental deviation
for the hole equals the
allowance

Basic size applied to shaft the

type of fit will determine whether
the basic size will be the largest
shaft or the smallest shaft.

Upper deviation
(Minimum clearance /
allowance)

Lower deviation
(Maximum clearance)

Basic
Basic Hole
Hole System
System
Fundamental
deviation for the
shaft equals the
allowance

Fundamental
deviation for the
hole equals the
basic size

Upper deviation
(Minimum clearance /
allowance)

Lower deviation
(Maximum clearance)

Basic size applied to hole the

type of fit will determine whether
the basic size will be the largest
hole or the smallest hole.

Metric
Metric Fit
Fit Terms
Terms contd
contd

International Tolerance Grade

(IT): a group of tolerances that vary
depending upon the basic size, but
have the same level of accuracy
within a given grade. (Page 370, Fig
11.17 & 11.16)

There are 16 IT grades. The smaller

the grade number, the smaller the
tolerance zone.
Tolerance Value. See Appendix 10,
page a31, for IT grades.

Preferred
Preferred Metric
Metric Fits
Fits

Hole basis: the system of fits where the minimum

hole size is the basic size. The fundamental

deviation for a hole basis system is indicated by a
capital H.
EX.
50H8

Basic size is 50 which is the DIA in mm

Tolerance Grade:
Hole Symbol: H8
Fundamental deviation is H - capital H
refers to the Basic Hole system
Fundamental deviation value is the
nominal size:
IT grade is 8: Close Running fit
Tolerance value for 8 is
(Append. 10)
Mating part is f7
(Append. 11-12)
Shaft Symbol: f7
Fundamental deviation is f
Fundamental deviation value is the
allowance

Hole Limits?

(Append. 11-12)

Shaft Limits?

(Append. 11-12)

ISO Symbol: = 50H8/f7

Preferred
Preferred Metric
Metric Fits
Fits

Shaft basis: the system of fits where the max.

shaft size is the basic size. The fundamental

deviation for a shaft basis system is indicated by a
lowercase letter.

EX.

50h7
Basic size is 50 which is the DIA in mm)
Tolerance Grade:
Shaft Symbol: h7
Fundamental deviation is h - lower case
h refers to the Basic Shaft system
Fundamental deviation value is the
nominal size:
IT grade is 7: Close Running fit
Tolerance value for 7 is
(Append. 10)
Mating part is F8
(Append. 13-14)
Hole Symbol: F8
Fundamental deviation value is the
allowance
(Append. 13-14)

Hole Limits?

(Append. 13-14)

Shaft Limits?

(Append. 13-14)

ISO Symbol: 50h7/F8

Look
Look Up
Up

What type of fit is a 6H7/s6? (text has

a typo find H7/a6 and fix your text. It should be s instead of a)

Hole or Shaft Basis System?

Type of Fit?

6S7/h6?
Hole or Shaft Basis System?
Type of Fit?

Shaft Basis System, DIA 32,

Locational Interference
Write the specification (ISO Symbol)
for the above information.

Try
Try the
the following
following
problem
problem in
in groups
groups on
on
the
the board
board
Given: Basic DIA 41mm, use
Hole Basis System, Sliding Fit
Write Specification:
Hole:

Shaft:

Fundamental Deviation =

Fundamental Deviation =

Fund. Dev. Value =

Fund. Dev. Value =

IT =

IT =

IT Value =

IT Value =

Limits =

Limits =

Tolerance =

Tolerance =

Maximum Clearance / Minimum Interference? =

Minimum Clearance / Maximum Interference? =
Allowance =

Try
Try the
the following
following
problem
problem in
in groups
groups on
on
the
the board
board
Given: Basic DIA 41mm, use
Shaft Basis System, Sliding Fit
Write Specification:
Hole:
Fundamental Deviation =

Shaft:
Fundamental Deviation =
Fund. Dev. Value =

Fund. Dev. Value =

IT =
IT Value =

IT =
IT Value =
Limits =

Limits =
Tolerance =
Tolerance =
Maximum Clearance / Minimum Interference =
Minimum Clearance / Maximum Interference =
Allowance =

Try
Try the
the following
following
problem
problem in
in groups
groups on
on
the
the board
board
Given: Basic DIA 58mm, use
Shaft Basis System, Force Fit
Write Specification:
Hole:
Fundamental Deviation =
Fund. Dev. Value =
IT =
IT Value =
Limits =

Tolerance =

Shaft:
Fundamental Deviation =
Fund. Dev. Value =
IT =
IT Value =
Limits =

Tolerance =

Maximum Clearance / Minimum Interference =

Minimum Clearance / Maximum Interference =
Allowance =