Dynamics

1. Types of forces
2. Scalars and Vectors
3. Forces and its effects
4. Newtons Laws
5. Frictions and its effects
6. Free body diagrams

What is a force?
Push or pull that an object exerts on another
Produces/Tend to produce motion
Stops/Tend to stop motion
Always act in a particular direction
SI Unit: Newton (N)
Types of Forces

Nature of force

1. Contact force

Push experienced when 2 objects

are pressed together

2. Weight

Gravitational pull of Earth on

object

3. Friction

Opposes motion, exists between

2 surfaces in contact

4. Resistance

Oppose motion, viscous force

found in fluids (air and water)

5. Electric force

Push/pull between electric

charges

6. Magnetic force

Push/pull between

Forces and Motion

1. Causes stationary object to move
2. Causes moving object to increase/decrease speed
3. Causes moving object to change direction of motion
4. Causes moving object to stop

QUESTIONS?

Newtons First Law

Balanced forces, acceleration = 0
Every object will continue in its state of rest or

uniform motion in a straight line unless a

resultant (unbalanced) force acts on it to change
its state.
Object at rests remains at rest
Object in motion remains in motion at constant velocity

Newtons Second Law*

Unbalanced forces, acceleration not 0
Every a resultant force acts on an object of

constant mass, the object will accelerate and

move in the direction of the resultant force. The
product of the mass and acceleration of the object
is equal to the resultant force.
Object at rest starts moving
Object in motion changes velocity or direction or both

F = ma

Newtons Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and

opposite reaction, and these forces act on

mutually opposite bodies
In pairs (action + reaction)

Equal in magnitude
Act in opposite directions
Act on different bodies

QUESTIONS?

Friction and its Effects

Always opposes motion between 2 surfaces in contact
Due to irregularities on surfaces
Causes object to slow to stop

Negative effects

Positive effects

Reduce cars efficiency

by 20%

Needed for grip and

daily activities

Causes wear and teat of

moving parts in
machines

Use in brakes to slow

down cars

Use wheels
Insert ball bearings
Use lubricants and polishing

surfaces
Air cushion

QUESTIONS?

Scalars and Vectors (RECAP)

Scalar quantities: Physical quantities with

______ONLY
Eg: ???
Vector quantities: Physical quantities with ____

and ____
Eg: ???
Resultant vector????

Single vector that produces the same effect as 2

or more vectors being added up

Addition of parallel vectors

Simple addition and subtraction
If same directions, ADD
If different directions, SUBTRACT the lesser

amount from the greater amount

Draw to scale if required (remember
previous slide)

ADD

SUBTRA
CT

Addition of non - parallel vectors

2 methods: Parallelogram method and tip-to-tail method

1.Choose appropriate scale

2. Draw given vectors with
arrows pointing in the right
direction with length
representing magnitude
according to scale
3. Complete the
parallelogram
4. Resultant force is the

Addition of non - parallel vectors

1.Choose appropriate scale
2. Draw given vectors with
arrows pointing in the right
direction with length
representing magnitude
according to scale
3. Draw vectors by
connecting the tip of one, to
the tail of the second
4. Connect the tail of the first
to the tip of the second to
find resultant force

Free Body Diagrams

QUESTIONS?

Mass, Weight and Density

1. Mass
2. Weight
3. Gravitational field and Gravitational

field strength
4. Comparison between Mass and Weight
5. Inertia
6. Density

Mass
Measure of amount of matter (atoms/molecules)

in body
Cannot be changed by location, shape and
acceleration
SI Unit: Kilogram (kg)

Weight
Measure of FORCE resulting from gravitational

pull exerted by Earth

Has magnitude and direction (towards center of
Earth)
SI Unit: Newton (N)

Gravitational field
Region surrounding Earth where mass

experiences a force due to gravitational

attraction

Gravitational field strength

Defined as gravitational force acting per unit mass

on an object
Weight depends on gravitational field strength
On earth = 10N/kg

W= mg

QUESTIONS?

Comparison between Mass and Weight

Mass

Weight

Amount of matter in
body

Due to gravitational pull

on body

Scalar

Vector

Measured in kg

Measured in N

Constant regardless of
gravitational field
strength

Changes according to
gravitational field
strength

Measured by beam
balance, calibrated
electronic balance

Measured by spring or
compression balance

Inertia
Reluctance of object to change its state of

rest or motion
Depends on mass, greater the mass,
greater the inertia

Density

Defined as mass per unit volume

Fixed property for pure substances

Density=mass/volume
Floats if lower density than water

Sink if higher density than water

SI Unit: kg/m3

QUESTIONS?