Are You

Ready?
Biology
Paper 2

Prepared
by :
Azneezal Ar-
Rashid
• Common name of ascorbic acid?
– Vitamin C
• Still you remember DCPIP solution?
– What colour?
• Blue solution
Vitamin C

DCPIP
Vitamin C

DCPIP
 Vitamin C

DCPIP

Blue solution Colourless solution

 How many ml
of the orange
juice to
Orange decolorize
Juice The DCPIP?

5ml
of
DCPIP
Solution

Blue solution Colourless solution

• Chemical reaction

– DCPIP + Vitamin C?
• Vit C reduces the DCPIP solution (blue solution) to
colourless solution
 How to calculate?
• Remember :

– Percentage ?

– Concentration?
 Example

Test Test Average

1 2
Ascorbic acid 1.0 cm2 1.0 cm2 1.0 + 1.0
----------- = 1.0
2
Orange juice 3.5 cm2 3.9 cm2 3.5 + 3.9
----------- = 3.7
2
• Percentage of vitamin C?

• Percentage = Vol of 0.1% vitamin C used

------------------------------------- X 0.1
%
Vol of sampel solution used
• Percentage : 1.0cm2
------------ X 0.1 %
3.7 cm2

= 0.027 %
• Concentration of vitamin C?

• Concentration = Vol of 0.1% vit C used

---------------------------------- X 1 mg cm 3
Vol of sample solution used
• Percentage : 1.0cm2
------------ X 1 mg cm-3
3.7 cm2

= 0.27 mg cm-3
 Try this!
Test Test Average
1 2
Ascorbic acid 1.0 cm2 1.0 cm2 1.0 + 1.0
----------- =
2

Guava juice 6.5 cm2 6.9 cm2 +

----------- =
2

Percentage :

Concentration :
 Second Try !
Test Test Average
1 2
Ascorbic acid 1.0 cm2 1.0 cm2 1.0 + 1.0
----------- =
2

Lime juice 8.5 cm2 7.9 cm2 +

----------- =
2

Percentage of vit C in lime juice :

Concentration of vit C in lime juice :

 Remember !
• The content of vitamin C in fruit juice is
determined using DCPIP solution.

• Vitamin C reduces DCPIP (blue solution)

to colourless solution
 Important!
• And, if the content of vitamin C in the fruit
juice is high, the only small volume of fruit
juice is required to decolourize DCPIP
solution
It’s time to learn
about
enzyme!
 Enzymes?
• Protein produced by living cells
• The action of enzyme is specific
• Speed up biochemical reactions
• Only a very small amount needed
• Reversible reaction (both directions)
• Sensitive to temperature
• Sensitive to pH
 Tips :
Action of enzyme is specific!
• The action is based on the lock and key
hypothesis
– Each reaction needs its own specific enzyme
– Each enzyme only act on one substrate
 Product
Active site

enzyme substrate enzyme

Enzyme-substrate complex

Product
 Glucose

sucrase sucrose Sucrase

Enzyme-substrate complex

Fructose
Glu Glu Maltose
Glu Fru Sucrose

Glu Gal Lactose

 Maltase
Glu Glu Maltose
Glu Fru Sucrose
Sucrase
Glu Gal Lactose

Lactase
 Factors that affect the rate of
enzyme reaction
• pH
• Temperature
• Concentration of enzyme
• Concentration of substrate
 Meanings of Flowers
• Rose (Pink) - happiness
• Rose (Red) - I love you
• Rose (Yellow) - friendship
• Rose (White) - purity
Next,
 Test your understanding
• Any tissue?
• Any cell?
• Function stomata?
• Function of waxy cuticle?
• Function of chloroplast?
• Function of xylem?
• Floem?
Waxy cuticle?
What will happen if the waxy cuticle
is removed?
Vascular bundles :
xylem & phloem
Stomata
Where can we find stomata
abundantly?
Endangered
ecosystem
Haze
• Haze is traditionally an atmospheric
phenomenon where dust, smoke and
other dry particles obscure the clarity of
the sky.
Related to the open burning?
• Sources for haze particles include farming
(ploughing in dry weather), traffic, industry,
and wildfires.
Haze obscuring the Faisal Mosque
in Islamabad.
How to control the
haze?

Any bad effects to

humans

Animals?
 Paper 3
• 2 experimental questions
– Question 1
• 33 marks
– Longman 193 :
» Anaerobic respiration in yeast
– Question 2
• 17 marks
– Longman 245 :
» Population ecology
 Question 1
you can do it!
 Set A

Paraffin oil
Lime water
(clear solution)

Glucose solution
 Set B

Paraffin oil
Lime water
(clear solution)

Glucose solution
+
Yeast
Apparatus?
Materials?
 Aim?
• To investigate the ____________ in
______________
 Hypothesis?
• In anaerobic respiration of yeast,
_______, ________ and _______ are
produced
 Variables?
Refer to he diagrams!
• Constant
– _________
– _________
• Manipulated
– _________ Can you?
– _________
• Responding
– _________
– _________
 Variables Method to handle the
variable
Constant -paraffin oil is filled up to avoid
-presence of paraffin oil atmospheric oxygen

Manipulated
-presence of yeast -yeast is cooled before inoculation
In the glucose solution

Responding 1- the clarity of the lime water is

1-changes of the lime water observed
2-changes in temperature 2-temperature is determine by the
thermometer
 Technique?
• Measure the initial and final temperature
using the thermometer!
 Results?

Set Initial temperature Final temperture Condition of the

(C) lime water
(C)

Set A
(glucose)

Set B
(glucose + yeast)
 Related questions!
• What can you observed?

• Inference from your observation?

• Hypothesis?
• Another paramater?
– What is the parameter?
• Equation for anaerobic respiration in
yeast!
– Can you write it down now??
• Operation definition for anaerobic
respiration?
– Respiration process
– Use glucose to produce energy + CO2
– Absence of O2
• If the experiment is repeated with 40 % of
glucose solution, what is the result?

• 60% maybe?

• 3%?