Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Architects
Classical Architecture
Golden ratio
In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger
of the two quantities. The figure on the right illustrates the geometric relationship.
The golden ratio also is called thegolden meanorgolden section, Other names includeextreme and mean
ratio, medial section,divine proportion,divine section, golden proportion,golden cut, andgolden
number.
Some 20th century artists and architects, including Le Corbusier and Dal, have proportioned their works to
approximate the golden ratioespecially in the form of the golden rectangle, in which the ratio of the longer side to
the shorter is the golden ratiobelieving this proportion to be aesthetically pleasing
Phidias (490430 BC) made the Parthenon statues that seem to embody the
golden ratio.
Plato (427347 BC), in his Timaeus, describes five possible regular solids (the
Platonic solids: the tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron),
some of which are related to the golden ratio.
The Parthenon's faade as well as elements of its faade and elsewhere are said by
some to be circumscribed by golden rectangles.
The Architectural Orders are the ancient styles of classical architecture, each
distinguished by its proportions and characteristic profiles and details, and most
readily recognizable by the type of column employed. Three ancient orders of
architecturethe Doric, Ionic, and Corinthianoriginated in Greece.
Architect Vitruvian came up with a proportion study on human form in his book
dearchitectura.
Later Leonardo da vinci gave a form to Vitruvians writing, thus Vitruvian man.
Le Corbusier in modern period again revived the concept of relation of human
proportion in his Modular man concept.
The Greek concept of form precedes the attested language and is represented by a number of
words mainly having to do with vision: the sight or appearance of a thing.
The pre-Socratic philosophers, starting with Thales, noted that appearances change quite a bit
and began to ask what the thing changing "really" is. The answer was substance, which stands
under the changes and is the actually existing thing being seen.
Architect : Brunelleschi
centralized plans.
Perspective invention
Creating realistic looking 3 dimensional images on a flat surface has challenged artists since
paint was first applied to cave walls.
Brunelleschi is often given credit for being the first person to create a workable
mathematical formula to use in doing so.
Medieval painters noted receding lines of architectural features, but couldnt make
mathematical sense of them.
The placement of figures within architecture was particularly perplexing.
Brunelleschis discovery is linked to his architectural work.
Presenting realistic images of what his final work would look like helped him win contracts.
He explained perspective through The peep- show demonstration.
Santo Spirito
photograph
Constructional Dome
Brunelleschi drew upon his knowledge of ancient Roman construction as well as lingering Gothic
traditions to produce an innovative synthesis.
Employed the Gothic pointed arch cross section instead of a semi circular one
To reduce dead load, he created a double shell as was done in the Pantheon
Employed 24 vertical ribs and 5 horizontal rings of sandstone, as observed in the ruins of Roman
construction
The cupola on top was a temple of masonry acting as a weight on top of the dome.
Designed special machines for construction.
Rennaisance
Renaissance architects sought clearly expressed numerical relationships in their designs recalling
the mysticism of Pythagoras and his followers.
The circle and square were especially attractive form for renaissance designers symbolizing the
perfection of god.
Circle and square were not only considered as ideal forms for the church planning but also for the
town scheme plans.
Antonio Averlino was the first designer to use ideal form on city plan.
Ex : town sforzinda .The plan consisted of an octagonal star shaped city with streets radiating from a
central market square.
Ex; Palmanuova, a fortress city of venice, by Vincenzo Scamozzi with a nine pointed star.
Renaissance architects sought to shape space using modular units based on whole number
proportional relationships.
1880-1940. As a reaction to the dirty towns, urbanisation, and mechanisation of this era, movements
appeared calling for a return to wholesome living, high-quality craftsmanship, and a connection with
nature.
Some of this was manifested in a taste for exotic cultures and spirituality.
Architects were fascinated by the new materials, the production process, which in turn made them
to experiment those on building designs.
Paxton was very much interested in gardening, impressed by his skills and
enthusiasm The Duke offered the 20-year-old Paxton the position of
Head gardeneratChatsworth, which was considered one of the finest
landscaped gardens of the time.
In 1832, Paxton developed an interest in greenhouses at Chatsworth where he
Victoria Regia House
designed a series of buildings with "forcing frames" forespaliertrees.
Inspired by the huge leaves of the waterlily 'a natural
feat of engineering' and tested by floating his daughter
Annie on one leaf, he found the structure for his
conservatory the Victoria Regia house.
The secret was in the rigidity provided by the radiating ribs
connecting with flexible cross-ribs. Constant
experimentation over a number of years led him to devise
his glasshouse design that inspired the Crystal Palace.
With a cheap and light wooden frame, the conservatory
design had a ridge-and-furrow roof to let in more light and
drain rainwater away.
Paxton used hollow pillars to double as drain pipes and
designed a special rafter that also acted as an internal and
The Great Conservatory was thetest-bedfor the prefabricated glass and iron structural techniques
which Paxton pioneered and would employ for his masterpiece:The Crystal Palaceof theGreat
Exhibitionof 1851.
This was the first ever time to use extensive glass and steel frames.
This was an Exposition Hall, built in Victorian Style.
Modular construction system -prefabricated iron sections were used.
The Palace was 1,848 feet long, 408 feet (124m) wide and 108 feet (33m) high
Floor area of 770,000 sq ft.,1851 ft long, 450 ft wide.
It required 4,500 tons of iron, 60,000 cubic feet of timber and needed over 293,000 panes of glass.
Yet it took 2,000 men just eight months to build, and cost just 79,800
Its novelty was its revolutionary modular, prefabricated design, and use of glass.
one man managed to fix 108 panes in a single day
The Arts and Crafts Movement was a reaction against the poor quality of design during the
Industrial Revolution.
The members of the Arts and Crafts Movement believed that the growth of industry had
destroyed traditional skills and had removed the pride that a craftsman could find in his
work.
ArtsThe
the Arts and
Crafts
Movement
themselves into crafts guilds, based
andmembers
Crafts, orofCraftsman,
houses
have
many offormed
these features:
on the
medieval
examples, in order to encourage high standards of design and provide a
Wood,
stone,
or stuccosiding
supportive
working
environment.
Low-pitched roof
Wide eaves with triangular brackets
Exposed roof rafters
Porch with thick square or round columns
Stone porch supports
Exterior chimney made with stone
Open floor plans; few hallways
Numerous windows
Some windows with stained or leaded glass
Beamed ceilings
Dark wood wainscoting and mouldings
Built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating
The red
Modernism
Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from
wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.
Modernist Architecture; The term is often applied to modernist movements at the turn of the 20th
century, with efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid
technological advancement and themodernizationof society.
Architectural modernism was adopted by many architects and architectural educators, and
continued as a dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings into the 21st
century.
Modernism eventually generated reactions, most notably Postmodernism which sought to
Theme of the
form
preserve
pre-modern
elements, while "Neo-modernism" has emerged as a reaction to Post modernism.
the notion that "Form follows function", a dictum originally expressed by Frank Lloyd Wright's
early mentor Louis Sullivan, meaning that the result of design should derive directly from its
purpose
simplicity and clarity of forms and elimination of "unnecessary detail"
materials at 90 degrees to each other
visual expression of structure (as opposed to the hiding of structural elements)
the related concept of "Truth to materials", meaning that the true nature or natural appearance of
a material ought to be seen rather than concealed or altered to represent something else
use of industrially-produced materials; adoption of the machine aesthetic
particularly in International Style modernism, a visual emphasis on horizontal and vertical lines
Architects
Notable architects important to the history and development of the modernist movement
include Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelsohn, Frank
Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, Gerrit Rietveld, Bruno Taut, Arne Jacobsen, Oscar Niemeyer
and Alvar Aalto.
Form follows function is a principle associated with modernist architecture and industrial design
in the 20th century.
The principle is that the shape of a building or object should be primarily based upon its
intended function or purpose.
Deconstructivism
Philip Johnson
Philip Cortelyou Johnson(July 8, 1906 January 25, 2005) was an influential American
architect.
He is especially known for his postmodernwork since the 1980s.
In 1930, he founded the Department of Architecture and Design at theMuseum of Modern
Artin New York City. In 1978 he was awarded anAmerican Institute of ArchitectsGold Medaland
in 1979 the firstPritzker Architecture Prize.
Frank O Gehry
Frank Owen Gehry, 28 February 1929 is a Canadian architect born inCanada, currently a United
States resident based inLos Angeles.
A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renownedtourist
attractions.
His works are cited as being among the most important works ofcontemporary architecturein the
2010World Architecture Survey, which ledVanity Fairto label him as "the most important architect
of our age
Gehry's best-known works include thetitanium-cladGuggenheim MuseuminBilbao, Spain;Walt
Disney Concert Hallin downtown Los Angeles;Louis Vuitton FoundationinParis, France;MITRay and
Maria Stata CenterinCambridge, Massachusetts.
Much of Gehry's work falls within thestyleofDeconstructivism, which is often referred to aspoststructuralistin nature for its ability to go beyond current modalities of structural definition.
In architecture, its application tends to depart frommodernism.
Deconstructivist structures are not required to reflect specific social or universal ideas, such as
speed or universality of form, and they do not reflect a belief thatform follows function
Gehry is sometimes associated with what is known as the "Los Angeles School" or the "Santa
Monica School" of architecture.
Gehrys style at times seems unfinished or even crude, but his work is consistent with the
California "funk" art movement in the 1960s and early 1970s, which featured the use of inexpensive
found objects and non-traditional media such as clay to make serious art.
Gehry has been called "the apostle of chain-link fencing and corrugated metal siding"
Peter
Eisenman
Rem
Koolhas
Remment Lucas "Rem" Koolhaas born 17 November 1944 Dutcharchitect,architectural
theorist,urbanistand Professor in Practice of Architecture and Urban Design at theGraduate School
of DesignatHarvard University.
In 2000, Rem Koolhaas won thePritzker Prize
Zaha
Hadid
Daniel
Liebeskind
Daniel Libeskind(born May 12, 1946)
is aPolish-Americanarchitect,artist,professorandset
designerofPolish Jewishdescent.
Libeskind founded Studio Daniel Libeskind in 1989 with his wife, Nina, and is its principal
design architect.
Libeskind's work has been exhibited in major museums and galleries around the world,
including theMuseum of Modern Art, theBauhaus Archives, theArt Institute of Chicago, and
theCentre Pompidou.
Libeskind won the competition to be the master plan architect for the reconstruction of
theWorld Trade Center siteinLower Manhattan.
Critics often describe Libeskind's work asdeconstructivist
Brutali
Truth to Materials
sm
Brutalist architecture is a style of
architecture which flourished from the 1950s to the mid 1970s,
Chandigarh
Villa Sovoye
His theoretical studies soon advanced into several
different single-family house models.
The Villa Savoye is probably Corbusier's best known
building from the 1950s, it had enormous influence
On international modernism. It was designed
addressing his emblematic "Five Points", the basic
tenets in his new architectural aesthetic:
1.
Support of ground-levelpilotis, elevating the
building from the earth and allowed an
extended continuity of the garden beneath.
2.
Functional roof, serving as a garden and
terrace, reclaiming for nature the land occupied
by the building.
3.
Free floor plan, relieved ofload-bearing walls,
allowing walls to be placed freely and only
where aesthetically needed.
4. Long horizontal windows,
providing illumination and
ventilation.
5. Freely-designed facades, serving
only as a skin of the wall and
windows and unconstrained by
load-bearing considerations
Small entrance
Projected
porticos
Rough concrete
Finish