Basic Blueprint Reading

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING
SUBJECTS
Basic Blueprint Reading
DRAWING
BASICS
ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
MACHINE DRAWINGS
DRAWING BASICS
Objectives
Define
basic industrial drawing structure

Define line types
Define types of drawings
Purpose of Drawings
Drawings
are used to convey information about a

wide range items such as:
Architectural building layouts
Electrical wiring
Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts
Location of equipment
How to assemble equipment
Details of equipment
Types of Drawings
Civil
Architectural
Structural
Mechanical
Plumbing
Piping
Pneumatic/Hydraulic
Electrical
Engineering Drawings
engineering drawing can be divided
into the following five major areas or parts.
A general
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Title block
Grid system
Revision block
Notes and legends
Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
Drawing Sizes
Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F

with D size being the most typical
A (letter)
Metric
A4 (210 x 297)
A3 (297 x 420)
8 by 11inches
B - 11 by 17inches
A2 (420 x 594)
C - 17 by 22 inches
A1 (594 x 841)
D - 22 by 34 inches
E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
sizes
A0 (841 x 1189)
Title Blocks
blocks are the beginning point of a drawing
information.
Title
COMPANY
Revision Blocks
revision block notes any changes made
to a drawing
The
10
Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the

revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the
modified portion of the drawing such as:
A
Parts Lists
Parts
11
Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list

of the material that is used to build the item that
is
Scales
Drawing
12
scale is a relationship of the size or

distance of the item on a drawing to the real
item.
For example a scale of = 1 means a
measurement of inch (the quote symbol is a
shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1
foot ( the apostrophe symbol is shorthand for
feet) of the real world item.
Grid System
grid system allows a specific point
on a drawing to be referenced or found.
A drawing
A
B
C
13
This point on the drawing is B-3
Basic Lines
Object
lines
Hidden lines
Cutting plane lines
Centerlines
Extension lines
Dimension lines
Leaders line
Phantom lines
Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies
the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface
of an object.
Hidden Line
The hidden line is used to show features or edges

of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of
medium thickness.
Center Line
The
center line is used to locate the center of

features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of
alternating short and long dashes.
Dimension Line / Extension Line
Dimension
Lines are used to show the extent of

a dimension.
Extension Lines are use to extend a point from
an object.
Extension Line
Dimension Line
Phantom
Phantom
lines are used to represents the outline

of an adjacent part.
The also are used to show an alternate position
of a given part
Phantom
19
Leader
A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It

may have a note, dimension value or a number at the
end of it
Grind Surface
Cutting Plane Line
Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is

made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn
in detail in another part of the drawing.
Break Lines
lines are
uses to terminate a view to
Short Break Line
conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
Break
Break
lines are also used to separate internal

and external features with broken-out sections
Break Lines Example

The break line is being used to show a part
reduced in length on the drawing to conserve
space.
250 feet
Section Lines
Section
lines are used where a surface is

illustrated as cut.
It normally is used in a sectional view.
The lines are normally drawn diagonally.
Dimensioning Systems
Different
systems of dimensioning are generally
used
25
Fractional inch
Decimal inch
SI Metric
Fractional Inch Dimensioning
2 Dia
21/32 Dia
3/16
1/2
1 9/16 Dia
26
Decimal Inch Dimensioning
2.00
.656
.19
.50
1.56
27
Metric Dimensioning
50
16.5
5
13
40
28
Dimensioning Example
Diameter symbol
Typical
Radius
29
Abbreviations
30
Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A

table is included in the drawing.
BOT
BOTTOM
MH
MANHOLE
RADIUS
C/C
CENTER TO CENTER
MIN
MINIMUM
REF
REFERENCE
CMP
CORRUGATED METAL PIPE
NORTH
R/W
RIGHT OF WAY
CONC
CONCRETE
NC
NOT IN CONTACT
SCH
SCHEDULE
DIA
DIAMETER
NTS
NOT TO SCALE
SF
SQUARE FEET
EAST, ELECTRICAL
OC
ON CENTER
SQ
SQUARE
EL
ELEVATION
O.D.
OUSIDE DIAMETER
STA
STATION
FG
FINISH GRADE
OHW
OVERHEAD WIRES
TELEPHONE
HORIZONTAL
PL
PROPERTY LINE
TYP
TYPICAL
HP
HIGH POINT
POB
POINT OF BEGINNING
UNO
UNLESS NOTED
OTHERWISE
IE
INVERT ELEVATION
POE
POINT OF ENDING
INV
INVERT
PP
POWER POLE
Drawing Legends
Legends
31
are
boxes drawn on
the drawing to
illustrate some of
the common or
uncommon
symbols used.
Isometric Drawings
drawings are designed to show a three
dimensional view of an object.
Isometric
32
Perspective
is a method of drawing things as the
eye sees them.
Perspective
Vanishing point
33
Orthographic Drawings
projection shows the drawn object
from different views
Orthographic
Top
view
Left side
Right side
Front
Bottom
34
Projection view
Rear
Single Line Drawings
35
The single line format represents all electrical lines,

plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless
of size, as single line.
System equipment is connected to the lines are
represented by simple standard symbols.
By simplifying connections and equipment as single
lines allow the system's equipment and
instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by
the reader.
These types of drawings are also called Schematics.
Civil
Civil
36
drawings are used to represent construction

on the earth or ground areas.
Civil drawings are sometimes called:
site plans
plot plans
survey plans.
They
will show contours of the earth, building

locations, construction features, utilities, etc.
Contour Lines
Contour lines are used in drawings called

topographic maps and are used to identify physical
features which uses contour lines to join points of
equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and
hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or
height is a number drawn along the line.
180
160
140
120
110
37
Architectural
Architectural
drawings or plans are used to

illustrate the design of a project.
They include items such as:
38
Working drawings
Structural drawings
Floor plans
Elevation drawings
Section drawings
Flow diagrams
Gridlines
Gridlines
refers to the letters and numbers, such

as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building
in a drawing.
C
A
1
Column A-1
2
Column symbol
39
Mechanical
Mechanical
40
drawings are the plans for objects

such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.
There are many types of drawings associated
with mechanical drawings such as:
Exploded view
Detail
Assembly
Example Mechanical Detail
41
Example Assembly Drawing
42
An Exploded View
43
Pneumatic/Hydraulic
Pneumatic
44
or Hydraulic drawings are single line

drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the
connection and equipment to be used in the
pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.
Single Line Schematic example
Plumbing/Piping
types of drawings are similar to
pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.
These
36.00
40.00
TEE
PIPELINE
Valve
TANK
Single Line Plumbing Example

45
Single Line Drawing
A Single
line plumbing drawing example
36.00
40.00
TEE
PIPELINE
Valve
TANK
46
Orthographic Piping Drawing
47
P&ID
Piping
48
and Instrumentation Drawings

These drawings are similar to plumbing but are
intended to illustrate the complete piping system
and the controlled process flow of material.
All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps,
instruments and the controls to operate the
process are illustrated. They are not drawn to
scale.
Example P&ID
FROM FUTURE MAIN

VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
SLUG
CATCHER
CS
CONTACTOR
H.P. BULK
SEPARATOR
COALESCING
FILTER NO. 1
FILTER
SEPARATOR
PRODUCTION FROM
SATELLITES (TYP.)
TEST
SEPARATOR
FILL FROM CIS

TRANSPORTER
HYDROCYCLONES
(TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS PUMPS
(TYP. 2)
49
FRESH CIS
CHARGE PUMPS
(TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS TANK
Electrical
Electrical
50
drawings are also single line drawings

or schematics that uses symbols for various
electrical equipment.
They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder
diagram.
Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram
which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or
pictorial style.
Example Ladder
Ladder
schematics or diagrams are drawn with

the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the
power that supplies the circuit, thus each line
creates a rung to the ladder.
L1
115 VAC
Pushbutton
Pilot Light
L
51
L2
Example Wiring Diagram

wiring diagrams draws the single lines
from each device exactly as it would be wired.
Electrical
52
Electrical Schematics
schematics use symbols for each
component found in an electrical circuit.
Electronic
R4
Q2
Q1
D1
C2
T1
R2
R1
L1
C3
C1
R3
+
VGG
53
Summary
Review
Objectives
Question and Answer Session
RETURN
54
TO MAIN MENU
ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
55
Objectives
Define
56
how industrial electrical drawings are

structured.
Define Graphical Symbols
Define Electrical wiring diagrams
Types of Electrical Drawings
Wiring
57
Diagrams Block Diagrams Sequence Charts

Electronic Schematics -
Diagrams
Electrical
58
diagrams are commonly multi-sheet

drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices
associated with a main control panel, its field
devices and sub-panels.
It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.
Electrical Diagrams
59
The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or

ladder.
All devices are shown between the lines and may
be referenced as Single Line diagrams
Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on
the right side.
Contacts, switches and other controlling devices
are shown between controlled device and left
vertical line
Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may
be connected to the right of the controlled device.
Example Diagram
DISC
1M
1FU
1OL
1L1
1T1
L1
2FU
1T2
1L2
L2
460V
3
60
HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR

3 HP 1800 RPM
FRAME 213
1MTR
3FU
1T3
1L3
L3
15 AMP
2OL
2T1
2MTR
2T3
H3
H1
H2
H4
X1
10 AMP
6FU
H2
10 AMP
5FU
2PB
START MOTORS
1PB
MASTER STOP
1
115 V
10 AMP
4FU
R
2OL
1OL
8
7
10
1M
CRM
AUTOMATIC
CRM
4PB
11
CRH
MASTER RELAY 3,3
12
2LT
3PB
RESET
5PB
MANUAL
14
AUTOMATIC
5, 14, 16, 21
AUTOMATIC
MANUAL
CYCLE START
5
16
8
15
MANUAL
6, 7, 15, 18, 23
CRH
3LT
CRH
6PB
CRA
CRA
11
10
13
1M
CRM
10 AMP
7FU
1LT
60
SPINDLE MOTOR
2 HP 1800 RPM
FRAME 184
2T2
1LS
2CR
18
17
2LS
19
5LS
6LS
20
7CR
21
6CR
22
5
6
23
1 CR
7PB
1CR
26
26
22
21
21
CLAMP PART CONTROL

9, 33, 33, 35, 35
Lines
Wiring
61
Field
Wiring (external to panel)
Connections
Wiring Not Connected
Wiring Connected
Termination or
connection
Terminal strip
and terminal
designation
62
TS4-15
Graphical Symbols
63
Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to

illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and
terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in
block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols.
The following symbols are but a few of those that can be
used.
A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any
added by the manufacturer.
Graphical Symbols Contd
DISCONNECT
Symbol - DISC
64
CIRCUIT
BREAKER - CB
Or for a
single
CB
Graphical Symbols Contd

Resistor
Tapped Resistor
or
Rheostat
Potentiometer
Fuses
65
Relay and Solenoid Symbols
RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.

Normally
Open
Contact
Normally
Closed
Contact
Coil
66
SOLENOIDS, BRAKES,
ETC.
Motors Symbols
3 PHASE MOTOR
DC MOTOR
DC MOTOR FIELD
67
or
Transformer Symbols
68
H1
H3
H2
H4
Primary
or Input
Secondary
or Output
X1
X2
Pilot Lights
PUSH-TO-TEST
69
Limit Switch Symbols

HELD
OPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED
70
NORMALLY
OPEN
HELD
CLOSED
NORMALLY
CLOSED
HELD
OPEN
NORMALLY
OPEN
HELD
CLOSED
Proximity Switch Symbols
PROXIMITY SWITCH
71
Normally
Closed
Normally
Open
Liquid Level Switches
NORMALLY
OPEN
72
NORMALLY
CLOSED
Thermal Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
73
NORMALLY
CLOSED
Pressure Switch
NORMALLY
OPEN
74
NORMALLY
CLOSED
Foot Switches
75
NORMALLY
CLOSED
NORMALLY
OPEN
Toggle Switch
76
Flow Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
77
NORMALLY
CLOSED
Selector Switch
3-POSITION
Second
Off
First
Position Position Position
78
Circuit is
connected when
switch is in this
position.
2-POSITION
Pushbuttons
SINGLE CIRCUIT
79
NORMALLY
OPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED
DOUBLE
CIRCUIT
E-Stop Pushbuttons
80
Time Delay Relay
NORMALLY
OPEN
ENERGIZED
DE-ENERGIZED
81
NORMALLY
CLOSED
One-line diagram example
A one-line diagram
uses single lines
and graphic
symbols to indicate
the path and
components of an
electrical circuit.
Switch symbol
Fuse
symbol
Single line
conductors
PLC
Pushbutton
symbol
Controller
symbol
Motor
symbol
82
Control Device Labeling
Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are

photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure
switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O
address if a PLC is controlling it.
When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the
device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.
111PB
111CR
210
211LS
211
83
211Sol
Wiring and Wire Identification
Wiring color code
BLACK
- Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage

RED AC Control Circuits
BLUE DC Control Circuits
YELLOW Interlock Control Circuits
GREEN Equipment grounding
WHITE Grounded Circuit Conductor
Wire Identification
84
Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a

number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
Device Designations
85
The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples

below, are used on diagrams in connection with the
corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the
particular device.
CB - Circuit Breaker
LS Limit Switch
CR - Control Relay
T - Transformer
FU - Fuse
MTR - Motor
LT - Pilot Light
DISC Disconnect
OL - Overload Relay
PB - Pushbutton
S - Switch
Line Numbers
Each
line in a electrical drawing should be

numbered starting with the top line and
reading down.
115 VAC
L1
Pushbutton
L2
Relay
CR1
Limit Switch
Pressure
Switch
Solenoid
2
Foot Switch
3
4
86
Line Numbers
Relay
CR2
Temperature Switch
Wire-Reference Numbers
Wire Numbers
115 VAC
L1
Pushbutton
1
2
1
1
CR3
2
CR1
87
Relay
CR1
( 2, 3 )
Limit Switch
Foot Switch
1
L2
CR1
CR2
Relay
CR2
Relay
CR3
(4)
(1)
Numerical Cross Reference

115 VAC
L1
Pushbutton
1
Relay
CR1
( 2, 3 )
CR1
2
Limit Switch
CR1
Relay
CR2
Foot Switch
4
88
CR3
L2
CR2
(4)
Relay
CR3
Cross Reference to
Line Numbers
(1)
Terminal Numbers
115 VAC
L1
Pushbutton
1
2
2
CR1
1
1
CR3
89
CR1
( 2, 3 )
10
Limit Switch
CR1
Foot Switch
4
Relay
2
L2
CR2
7
1
Relay
6
2
CR2
CR3
(4)
(1)
10
Relay
10
Panel/Door Layouts
Layout.
1 X 3
1T1
9
TE
RM
.
1T2
1T3
271
46
0V
272
2T3
DISC
2OL
1M
1T
B
Panel
1
1/2
X
3
1
Layout
1 1/2 X 3
2
3
4
4F
U
5F
U
36
TE
RM
.
1LT
2LT
START
MOTORS
AUTOMATIC
2PB
4PB
3LT
6F
U
7F
U
EMERG.
RETURN
ACTIVE
MANUAL
4LT
EMERG.
RESET
MANUAL
MASTER
STOP
RESET
EMERG.
RETURN
1PB
3PB
11PB
90
3CR
4CR
5CR
6CR
7CR
8CR
9CR
6 1/2
53
LUBE FAULT
7 1/8
55
29
TE
RM
.
5LT
HEAD
FORWARD
HEAD
RETURN
8PB
9PB
6LT
9LT
1 1/2 X 3
115
V
26 1/2
1
1/2
X
3
7LT
CYCLE
UNCLAMP
10PB
2CR
7 1/2
1 1/2 X 3
3T
B
FULL DEPTH
115V
47
52
CLAMPS
ARE IN
CRH
1 1/2 X 3
51
HEAD RETRACTED
CRA
1 1/2 X 3
1CR
12PB
5PB
CRM
115
V
AUTOMATIC
1
1/2
X
3
MOTORS
RUNNING
460V
1FT8
8 TERM
60 62 64 66 68 70
15 1/8
8F
U
9F
U
10F
U
11F
U
12F
U
13F
U
Door
1FU 2FU 3FU
2T
B
9 1/2
1OL
60 62 64 66 60 70
5 1/2
115 V
Drawing Identification
91
Prefix
Type of Drawing
Description
AD
Air Diagram (Mechanical)
These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air
piping diagram for the air operated devices.
Scale Layout
(Mechanical)
These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual
sheets are numbered starting from No.1.
EL
Electrical Layout
(Electrical)
These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are
directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.
EM
Electro Mechanical
(Electrical)
These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of
limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.
EO
General Layout
(Mechanical)
These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete
plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered
starting from No. 1.
HO
Hydraulic Diagram
(Mechanical)
This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.
PL
Pneumatic Layout
(Mechanical)
These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path.
This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are
associated to a pneumatic device.
WD
Wiring Diagram
(Electrical)
This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and
pushbutton stations.
WDO
General Information
(Electrical)
This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.
Block Diagrams
Block
92
diagrams are simple block diagrams which

provides a means to illustrate a control system in
a simple graphic format.
Block diagrams are also used to provide
functional information.
Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the
interconnection of different machines
Example Block Diagram

Start
pushbutton
on
Process 1 starts
if limit switch on
Process 1 stops
if limit switch off
93
Sequence Charts
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
A.
94
B.
C.
PRESS START MOTORS PUSHBUTTON 2PB MOTORS START MOTORS RUNNING LAMP 1LT ARE
ENGERGIZED.
PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC 4PB OR MANUAL 5PB PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND
LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.
NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS RESET PUSHBUTTON
3PB BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON 4PB.
AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND CRA ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR
AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.
1.
OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS
6PB AND 7PB ENERGIZING 1CR (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART
2.
CLAMPED PART TRIPS 1LS AND 2LS. ENERGIZING 8CR RELAY 3CR (SOL E) IS
ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE
INTO FEED.
3.
WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, 3LS IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY 5CR.
4.
5CR CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY 4CR (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.
5.
WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, 4LS IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING 4CR AND ENERGIZING
7CR WHICH ENERGIZES 6CR (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.
6.
WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, 5LS AND 6LS ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY 6CR.
7.
2CR RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS ARE
NOT RELEASED.
Electrical Layouts - EL
Electrical
95
layouts are architectural drawings of

the building that shows and identifies the
electrical devices associated with a electrical
diagram.
Wiring Connection Diagrams
Wiring
96
(connection) diagram a diagram that

shows the connection of an installation or its
component devices or parts.
This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as
possible, the actual location of each component
in a circuit, including the control circuit and the
power circuit.
Wiring Diagram Example
Start
Motor Starter
Coil
M
(aux)
NO
Stop
Thermal
Overloads
Overload
Contact
97
T1
T2
Motor
T3
Electronic Schematics
schematics use symbols for each
component found in an electrical circuit.
Electronic
R4
Q2
Q1
D1
C2
T1
R2
R1
L1
C3
C1
R3
+
VGG
98
Summary
Review
Objectives
RETURN
99
TO MAIN MENU
PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
100
Objectives
Define
101
Fluid Logic Symbols

Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define
Shapes
and lines that are used to construct
symbols and circuits:
Shapes
102
Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
Pneumatic
103
and Hydraulic drawings look very

similar and the subject is usually referred to as
Fluid Power
The basic difference is Flow symbol.
If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies
pneumatic.
HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC
Fluid Power Drawings
This
104
type of drawing, like electrical drawings are

also considered single line drawings.
The line is either an air or hydraulic line
connected to a device
The devices are shown as symbols whose intent
is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation
of the device as well as type of device.
Flow lines
Flow line
105
Connected
lines are
illustrated with
a connection
dot
Unconnected lines
shown crossing
Flexible
line
Four way
junction
Singl
e
o
r
Hose usually connecting
parts with relative
movement
Basic Line Symbols
Line
Dashed
Chain
Line
106
Spring
Working line, pilot

supply, return, electrical
Pilot control, bleed,
filter
Enclosure of two
or more functions
in one unit
Electrical line
2
10
12
3
Circle Shapes
Circles
energy conversion units
measuring instrument
mechanical link
roller
107
Squares and Rectangles
Square
108
control component
connections perpendicular
to sides
Square at
45o
conditioning apparatus
connections to corners
Rectangle
cylinders and valves
Squares and Rectangles
Rectangles
109
piston
certain control
methods
Basic Symbols
Semi-circle
Capsule
Double line
110
rotary actuator, motor or

pump with limited angle
of rotation
pressurised reservoir
air receiver, auxiliary
gas bottle
mechanical
connection
piston rod, lever,
shaft
Functional Elements
Triangle
Spring
Arrow
111
Direction and nature of fluid,

open pneumatic or filled
hydraulic
Long sloping indicates

adjustability
Functional Elements
Arrows
Straight or sloping path and flow
direction, or motion through a
device
Tee
Restriction
112
Closed path or port
Functional Elements
Curved arrows are
used to illustrate
rotary motion
Shaft rotation
both
Seating or connection
used in check valves
and connectors
113
clockwise from right hand

end
Functional Elements
Temperature
Opposed
solenoid
windings
Operator
Prime mover
114
Indication or control
size to suit
Electric motor
Function components
Silencer
Pressure to electric switch

preset
Pressure to electric switch

adjustable
115
Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator
Rotating joint
Pressure indicator
Pressure drop indicator
116
Plant
Compressor and electric

motor
Air receiver
Isolating valve
Air inlet filter
117
Combination units
FRL with shut off valve and

pressure gauge
Lubro-control unit
Filter and lubricator
Filter regulator with gauge
118
FRL Combined unit
Filters
Filter with manual drain
Filter with automatic drain
Filter with automatic drain and

pressure drop indicator
119
Pressure regulators
A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator
valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.
Adjustable Regulator
simplified
Adjustable Regulator with

pressure gauge simplified
120
Pressure relief valves
A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal

state with the spring holding the valve closed.
Adjustable relief valve simplified
Preset relief valve simplified

121
Pressure regulators
Pre-set relieving
Pre-set relieving with

pressure gauge
Adjustable relieving
Adjustable relieving with

pressure gauge
122
Valve symbol structure
The
123
function of a valve is given by a pair of

numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..
The first numeral indicates the number of main
ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but
excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.
The second numeral indicates the number of
states the valve can achieve.
A 3/2
valve therefore has 3 ports (normally

these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2
states (the normal state and the operated
state)
The boxes are two pictures of the same
valve
operated
124
normal
Basic Valve Symbols
125
Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a

schematic.
The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of
switching positions.
Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows
showing the flow direction.
Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right
angles to the flow path.
Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot.
Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines
drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal
or initial position of the valve
A valve
126
symbol logic block will show the symbols

for each position of the valve states joined end to
end as illustrated in the next slide.
operated
normal

valve logic state is illustrated with its state
block joined end to end
Each
127
operated
normal

port connections are shown to only one of
the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state
The
128
normal

operator for a particular state is illustrated
against that state
The
129
Operated state
produced by
pushing a button

against that state
The
130
Operated state
produced by
pushing a button
Normal state
produced by
a spring

against that state
The
131
Operated state
produced by
pushing a button
Normal state
produced by
a spring
The
132
valve symbol can be visualised as moving to

align one state or another with the port
connections
The
133

connections
The
134

connections
A 5/2
135
valve symbol is constructed in a

similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths
for each of the two states is shown by the
two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an
inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts
The
136
full symbol is then made by joining the two

boxes and adding operators. The connections
are shown against only the prevailing state
The
137

The
138

139
The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be
drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be
flipped
A variety of symbol patterns are possible
normally
closed
normally
open
Operators
140
Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve

box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some
operator types are:
General manual
Lever
Push button
Pedal
Pull button
Treadle
Push/pull button
Rotary knob
Operators Contd
141
Plunger
Pressure
Spring normally
as a return
Pilot pressure
Roller
Differential pressure
Uni-direction
or one way trip
Detent in 3 positions
Operators Contd
Electrical
142
Solenoid
direct
Solenoid pilot
Solenoid pilot
with manual
override and
external pilot
supply
Solenoid pilot
with manual override
and integral pilot
supply
When no integral
or external pilot
supply is shown it
is assumed to be
integral
Port markings
The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or

numbers as follows:
143
Alphabetical
Designations
Numerical
Designations
Working Lines
A, B, C .. O (excludes L)
2, 4, 6 . . . .
Leakage Fluid
Supply Air
Exhaust
R, S, T ..W
3, 5, 7
Pilot Lines
Z, Y, X ..
12, 14, 16, 18
Port Markings Examples

2
2
12
12
10
14
14
12
1
5
144
4
12
10
Port Markings
145
12
12
10
14
12
14
10
12
Simplified cylinder symbols
Single acting the load returns

cylinder to original position
Single acting with

spring returning cylinder
to original position
Double acting moved by fluid

from either end
146
Rotary actuators
Semi rotary double acting
Rotary motor single direction

of rotation
Rotary motor bi-directional
147
Example Pneumatic Schematic

UP
PB1
BALANCER
VALVE
3
#12
#1
#2
#0
DOWN
PB2
#2
COMMON
PB3
#1
3
1
#1
#7
#8
CLAMP
PB4
2
3
UNCLAMP
PB5
#3
1
2-2
2-2
4
ROTATE
RET. PB7
#8
3
NTD1
#9
#25
#1
PV2
NTD3
3
ROTATE
ADVANCE
#11
NTD4
CLAMP
SAFETY
PB8
CLAMP
CYL. A1
#15
1
#19
3
1
OR1
BV3
5
1
12
#16
#20
ROTATE
RETURN
ROTATE
SAFETY
PB9
#13
OR3
RAISE
DISABLE
14
PV3
2
5
1
12
5 1 3
1
OR2
#13
#22
CLAMP
RETRACT
14
#10
#18
BV2
#10
#25
148
3
12
#11
4
2
CLAMP
CLOSED LV1
5
1
#14
#22
#24
NTD2
3
1
2-2
#6
CLAMP
EXTEND
14
PV1
#9
PS1
#5
BV1
5 1 3
#23
#4
ROTATE
ADV. PB6
R1
CLAMP
PRESSURE
#1
COMBINATION
BLOCKING VALVE &
FLOW CONTROL
BV4
#17
ROTATE
CYL. B1
#21
1
2
1
OR4
RAISE
ENABLE
#12
3
1
Summary
Review
Objectives
RETURN
149
TO MAIN MENU
PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
150
Objectives
Define
151
Piping Drawings
Identify Piping Symbols
Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings
(P&ID)
Identify P&ID Symbols
Symbols and Drawings
Piping
152
drawings show the size and location of

pipes, fittings, and valves.
To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping
and Instrument drawings (P&IDs), the student
must learn the meaning of the symbols.
This presentation discusses some the common
symbols that are used to depict system
components.
Piping Drawings
The
153
single line format is most commonly used in

Piping and P&ID drawings.
The single line format represents all piping,
regardless of size, as single line.
All system equipment is represented by simple
standard symbols.
Pipe Crossing
The crossing of pipes without

connections is normally shown
without interrupting the line.
When there is a need to show

that one pipe must pass behind
another, the line representing
the pipe farthest may be shown
with a break, where the other
pipe passes in front of it
Near pipe
Far pipe
154
Connections
155
Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or

soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot
Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line.
Detachable
connection
Detachable
connection such
as a flange
Permanent
connection
Adjoining
apparatus
Fittings
156
If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not
shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line.
A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary

to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.
Pipe Line Without

Flanges
Pipe
Going
Away
Pipe
Coming
Towards
Pipe Line with flanges

connected to ends
Rear
view
flange
Front
view
flange
Single Line example
GLOBE VALVE
CROSS
UNION
Y-FITTING
ELBOW
CAP
PLUG
TEE
COUPLING
(JOINT)
CHECK VALVE
REDUCER
ELBOW
157
GATE VALVE
45 ELBOW
Pictorial Drawings
Pictorial
158
or double line drawings present the

same type information as a single line, but the
equipment is represented as if it had been
photographed.
This format is rarely used since it requires
much more effort to produce than a single line
drawing and does not present any more
information as to how the system functions.
Pictorial example
Orthographic
CROSS
Y-FITTING
CAP
GLOBE
VALVE
TEE
COUPLING
(JOINT)
ELBOW
159
Pipe Drawing
PLUG
CHECK
VALVE
UNION
REDUCER
GATE
VALVE
45 ELBOW
Common Piping Symbols

Comparison
Pictorial
90 Elbows
Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Sanitary Tee
P-Trap
160
Gate Valve
Symbol
Valves
Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate,

and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
CONTROL VALVE
PLUG VALVE
BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
161
GLOBE VALVE
P&IDs
162
The piping of a single system may contain more than a single

medium.
For example, although the main process flow line may carry water,
the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas,
or hydraulic fluid.
Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals
and electrical wires as well as piping.
The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for
indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating
between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.
Process and Instrumentation

Drawings P&IDs
163
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
These process flow diagrams include:

Pipe line numbers and directions
Pipe specifications and line sizes
All equipment
All valves
All Instrumentation with controlling devices
Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE
MINOR PROCESS LINES

PROCESS TUBING
HYDRAULIC LINES
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL
ELECTRICAL LEADS
PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
164
Valve Symbols
165
Valve Normally
Open
Valve Normally
Closed
Needle Valve
Normally Open
Needle Valve
Normally Closed
Ball Valve
Normally Open
Ball Valve
Normally Closed
Globe Valve
Normally Open
Globe Valve
Normally Closed
Gate Valve
Normally Open
Gate Valve
Normally Closed
Butterfly Valve
Two Valve
Manifold
Blind Flanged
Generic Valve
Note: the generic valve is

commonly used on drawings with
the valve state noted next to it
N.C.
Control Valve Actuators
Some
valves are provided with actuators

to allow remote operation, to increase
mechanical advantage, or both. Below are
a few symbols for the common valve
actuators.
Diaphragm
Electric
Motor
Solenoid
166
Piston
Manual
Balloon Labeling
A control valve may serve any number of functions within a

fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling
system is used to identify the function of a control valve.
The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter
to be controlled by the valve.
For example:
F = flow
T = temperature
L = level
P = pressure
H = hand (manually operated valve
FC
Flow Control
Valve
167
168
One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information

about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces
with the system or piece of equipment.
The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided
into four categories.
Sensed
Parameter
Type of Indicator
or Controller
Type of
Component
Type of Signal
F = flow
T = temperature
P = pressure
I = current
L = level
V = voltage
Z = position
R = recorder
I = indicator
C = controller
T = transmitter
M = modifier
E = element
I = current
V = voltage
P = pneumatic
Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters
Locally Mounted Instrument

Board Mounted Instrument
Instrument Behind Board
Example: Locally mounted
voltage to current pressure
modifier
P/I
PM
or
P/I
or
E/I
Examples of Transmitters
FT
169
FT
Flow Transmitter
PT
PressureTransmitter
Controllers
170
Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop

and use it to position or manipulate some other system
component.
Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the
balloon after the controlling parameter.
Flow Controller
FC
Proportional
Temperature Controller TC
Proportional - Integral
PI
Pressure Controller
PC
Proportional
Integral - Differential
PID
Level Controller
TC
Current to Pneumatic
I/P
Components
Within every system there are major components

such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat
exchangers, and fans.
Compressor
Steam Turbine
Pumps
171
Heat
Exchanger
Tanks
or
or
Misc. Symbols
In addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to

represent specific pieces of equipment additional
drawing symbols are used to guide or provide
additional information about the drawing.
XX-001-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at

coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing
XX-002-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at

coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing
XX-003-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at

coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.
Building/Area Boundary
172
Example P&ID Drawing
E-101
REBOILER
V-101
DEPROPANIZER
E-102
OVERHEAD
CONDENSER
V-102
REFLUX
ACCUMULATOR
125F
35
COOLING
WATER
E-102
V-101
FEED
20
255 PSIG
210F
FLARE
PC
V-102
240# @ 118f
LC
1
245F
FRC
LG
HEATING
MEDIUM
E-101
REBOILER
230F
275F
LC
P-101A & 101B
PRODUCT
STORAGE
STORAGE
173
P-101A & 101B

PRODUCT AND
REFLUX PUMPS
Summary
Review
Objectives
RETURN
174
TO MAIN MENU
CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
175
Objectives
Define
176
Topographical Maps
Define Contour Maps
Define Geology and Mining Terms
Define Site Plans Drawings
Define Floor Plans
Define Elevation Drawings
Define Structural Drawings and symbols
Topographical Maps
Maps
177
which describe in detail local features of

the earths surface, either natural or man-made,
are called topographic maps (or drawings).
Data taken from surveys are used to build these
drawings.
Surveying is the actual measurement of
distances, elevations, and directions on the
earths surface.
Contours
Most
178
topographical maps are drawn as contours.

Contours are lines drawn on a map to show
points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a
single contour line have the same elevation.
A contour interval is the vertical distance
between horizontal planes passing through
successive contours as illustrated in the following
slide..
Example Contours Map
Control Points
179
Contours
Relative
Elevations
Profile
Contours Continued
180
Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of

distribution of points of recorded elevation.
A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as
illustrated in the next slide.
Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing
the survey into squares of appropriate size and
elevations are determined at the corners of the squares
Example Grid Contour Map
Contour
Elevation
Grid
181
Geology and Mining Terms
Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily

measured from north.
Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes
Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding
planes.
Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault.
Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another
formation.
Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding
planes of a stratum, seam, or vein.
Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it
eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earths surface.
182
See following slide for examples
Geology Terms Example
Strike
Outcrop Area
Bedding Plane
Dip Angle
183
Fault Plane
Seam or Stratum
Thickness
Topographical Map Symbols
Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate
land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Highway
Railroad
Telephone Line
Power Line
184
Highway Bridge
Railroad Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Dam
Site or Layout Drawings
185
Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile

drawings. T
They provide the necessary information on the location,
alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal
parts in relation to the ground at the site.
They also provide other important details, such as the
nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent
structures and roads.
Example Site Drawing
186
Example Symbols
Earth-rough grade
187
Concrete
Paving
Gravel
Earth-finish grade
Floor Plans
Floor
188
plans includes:
thicknesses, and character of the building walls on

that particular floor
the widths and locations of door and window
openings
the lengths and character of partitions
the number and arrangement of rooms
the types and locations of utility installations
Floor Layout Example
Door Symbol
189
Window Symbol
Elevation Drawings
Elevation
drawings are closely related to the floor

plans of a building.
These drawings are of vertical views of the
building, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation
190
Side Elevation
Structural Drawings
Architectural
191
and structural drawings are

generally considered to be the drawings of steel,
wood, concrete, and other materials used to
construct buildings.
Example of Structural Drawing Detail
192
Beams
A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per

foot of length.
The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the

letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by
nominal depth and weight per foot
or
Symbols
193
p
To t
on
r
F
En
d
Top
Front
End
Channels
A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C.
Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
p
To
nt
o
Fr
En
d
Symbols
Top
End
194
Front
or
Angles
The
cross section of an angle resembles the

letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions
in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
p
To
on
r
F
Top
Front
195
End
End
L
Symbol
Tees
structural tee is made by slitting a

standard I- or H- beam through the center of
its web, thus forming two T-shapes from
each beam. In dimensioning, the structural
tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
p
To
nt
o
Fr
Top
196
En
d
Front
End
ST or T
Symbols
Members
197
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing

structural members that support and transfer the loads on
the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each
other.
The places where members are connected to other
members are called joints.
The total load supported by the structural members at
a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus
the total live load.
Vertical Members
198
Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in

buildings they may be called pillars.
A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It
could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the
ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that
provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.
The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are
called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called
sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called
top plates or stud caps.
Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.
Horizontal Members
199
A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans

a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam.
A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever.
One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is
called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.
Trusses
A truss
200
is a framework consisting of two

horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined
together by a number of vertical and/or inclined
members to form a series of triangles.
Trusses
Summary
Review
Objectives
RETURN
201
TO MAIN MENU
MACHINE DRAWINGS
202
Objectives
Define
203
Tolerances
Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings
Machine Drawings
In
204
learning to read machine drawings, we must

first become familiar with the common terms,
symbols, and conventions defined and
discussed in the following slides.
Tolerances
205
Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore

variations must be allowed.
This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total
amount the dimension may vary.
It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount,
either by a fraction or decimal.
Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific
dimension.
Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different
methods; the following slide shows three examples.
The unilateral method is used when variation from the design
size is permissible in one direction only.
The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or
minus variation that is acceptable.
In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum
measurements are both stated
Tolerance Examples
Unilateral Method
.498 DIA
+ .000
- .002
Bilateral Method
30 1
.875
.005
7 1
8 64
.500 DIA
+ .002
- .000
2.250 + .010
- .005
.498 DIA
.496
Limit Method
206
.500 DIA
.502
Tolerance Symbols
Flatness &
Straightness
Roundness
Symmetry
Angularity
(MMC) Maximum
Material Condition
Perpendicularity
Parallelism
(RFS) Regardless
of Feature size
Datum Identifying
symbol
Concentricity
True Position
Feature Control
Symbol
207
A
Symbol
.001
S
- A-
Tolerance
Datum
Class Exercise
Do
208
Class Exercise Tolerances
Fillets and Rounds
Fillets
are concave metal corner (inside)

surfaces.
Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that
have been rounded to prevent chipping and to
avoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet
209
Rounds
Slots and Slides
Slots
210
and slides mate two specially shaped

pieces of material and securely hold them
together, yet allow them to move or slide.
Tee Slot Slide
Dovetail Slide
Tee Slot
Dovetail Slot
Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
A key
is a small wedge or rectangular piece of

metal inserted in a slot or groove between a
shaft and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom
Round Bottom
Keyseat and Keyway
211
Square
Screw Threads
use different methods to show thread
on drawings
Draftsmen
Without Thread Relief
With Thread Relief

212
Simplified Method of Thread Representation
Gears
When
gears are drawn on machine drawings

usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to
identify the dimensions.
Working Depth
Whole Depth
Dedendum
Addendum
Clearance
Root Dia.
213
Pitch Dia.
Outside Dia.
Springs
There are three

classifications of helical
springs: compression,
extension, and torsion.
Drawings seldom show a
true presentation of the
helical shape; instead,
they usually show springs Common Types of Helical Springs
with straight lines
Symbol Representation of Springs
214
Finish Marks
Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for

various reasons.
A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it
is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish .
60
215
3 X MIN.
02
60
Example of Use
Welding
Welding
is a process of joining metals by fusion

or heating into a single joined mass.
Symbols will define the type of weld required.
Square Weld
216
Symbol
Fillet Weld
Symbol
Weld Drawing Symbols
A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements

4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches
long with leg length of inch
1. Reference Line
7. Tail will have
information
about the
process. OAW is
a type of welding
here. It is left off
if no info needed.
2. Arrow connects
reference line to joint
OAW
3. Weld symbol this

indicates a fillet weld
217
2
5. Supplementary symbols
this illustrates a convex weld
6. Finish symbol g = grinding, c =
chipped, m = machined.
Example Drawing
218
Summary
Review
Objectives
RETURN
219
TO MAIN MENU

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BASIC BLUEPRINT READING