Giao thc truyn thng v

cc m hnh tham chiu

VPCP
B/S ...
Router
Router

PA1
MIn bc

PA2
MIn nam

B/S ...

X25/Tel

UBND Tnh...

X25/Tel

UBND Tnh..

Nhng ni dung chnh

Giao thc truyn thng l g
M hnh tham chiu OSI
B giao thc TCP/IP
Cc vn lin quan

CSE

Giao thc truyn thng

CSE

cc my tnh trn mng c th

trao i thng tin vi nhau, cn c
mt b nhng phn mm cng lm
vic theo mt chun no . Giao
thc truyn thng (protocol) l tp
quy tc quy nh phng thc
truyn nhn thng tin gia cc my
tnh trn mng.
4

Giao thc truyn thng

Cc mng my tnh hin i c

thit k bng cch phn chia cu
trc mc cao nhm lm gim
s phc tp khi thit k. Cc giao
thc mng thng c chia lm cc
tng (layer), mi tng c xy dng
da trn dch v ca tng di n v
cung cp dch v cho tng cao hn.

CSE

M hnh tham chiu OSI

M hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc

h
thng
m
(Open
System
Interconnection reference model - OSI)
c t chc tiu chun ho quc t
(International Standard Organization - ISO)
a ra vo nm 1984 nhm mc ch lm
c s cho vic kt ni cc h thng m.
Cc h thng c th kt ni nu chng
cng tun th mt s quy tc.

CSE

Cc nguyn tc xy dng
m hnh tham chiu
n gin cn hn ch s lng cc tng
To ranh gii cc tng sao cho cc tng tc
v dch v l ti thiu
Cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit
Cc chc nng ging nhau c t cng
mt tng
Chn ranh gii cc tng theo kinh nghim
thnh cng ca cc h thng trong thc
t

CSE

Cc nguyn tc xy dng
m hnh tham chiu
Cc chc nng c nh v sao cho c
th thit k li tng m khng nh h
ng ti cc tng khc
To ranh gii gia cc tng sao cho c
th chun ho giao din tng ng
To mt tng khi d liu c x l mt
cch tch bit
Mi tng s dng dch v ca tng di
n, cung cp dch v cho cc tng trn

CSE

Cc nguyn tc p dng
cho
cc tng con
C th chia mt tng thnh cc
tng con khi cn thit
To cc tng con cho php
giao din vi cc tng k cn
Cho php hu b cc tng con nu
thy khng cn thit

CSE

Kin trc phn tng ca

m hnh tham chiu OSI
7
6

Applicatio
n
Presentati

Tng ng dng
Tng trnh din

on
Session

Transport

Tng giao vn

Network

Tng mng

Data link

Physical

Tng lin kt d
liu
Tng vt l

Tng phin

Tng vt l
L tng thp nht ca m hnh tham
chiu
C chc nng truyn dng bit khng c
cu trc qua ng truyn vt l
Truy nhp ng truyn vt l nh cc ph
ng tin c, in, hm, th tc
Lin quan n vn c t tng ng
cc bit 0, 1 trn mi mi trng truyn dn

CSE

11

Tng lin kt d liu

Cung cp phng tin truyn thng tin
qua lin kt vt l m bo tin cy
Gi cc khi d liu (frame) vi cc c ch
ng b ho, kim sot li v kim sot
lung d liu cn thit
DLP d b s dng cc bit c bit
tch cc k t truyn i
DLP ng b s dng cc k t c bit
bo hiu d liu ang i, n

CSE

12

Tng mng
Thc hin vic chn ng v chuyn
tip thng tin vi cng ngh chuyn
mch thch hp
Thc hin kim sot lung d liu,
ct/hp d liu khi cn thit
Lin quan ti cc vn o tr
ng truyn, quyt nh chn ng,
cp nht cc thng tin s dng cho vic
chn ng

CSE

13

Chn ng trn tng

mng

Vic chn con ng

truyn cc gi tin i
phi thc hin mt s
sau:

ti u
trn mng
cng vic

Quyt nh chn ng theo nhng

tiu chun ti u no .
Cp nht thng tin chn ng.
CSE

14

Cc k thut chn ng

CSE

Chn ng tp trung c trng bi

s tn ti ca mt s trung tm iu
khin mng thc hin vic chn
ng sau gi cc bng chn ng
ti cc nt mng. Cc nt mng u
n gi thng tin ca chng ti cc
trung tm theo mt khong thi gian
hoc khi c mt s kin no .
15

Cc k thut chn ng

CSE

Chn ng phn tn c thc

hin ti mi nt ca mng. Vic
ny i hi s trao i thng tin
thng xuyn gia cc nt.

16

Tng giao vn
Thc hin truyn d liu gia hai
u mt (end - to - end)
Kim sot li, kim sot lung d
liu gia hai u mt
Thc hin ghp knh
(multiplexing), ct/hp d liu
nu cn

CSE

17

Tng phin
Cung cp phng tin qun l
truyn thng gia cc ng dng
Thit lp, duy tr, ng b ho v
hu b cc phin truyn thng
gia cc ng dng

CSE

18

Tng trnh din

Chuyn i c php d liu
p ng yu cu truyn d liu
ca cc ng dng qua mi trng
OSI
Cung cp mt biu din dng
chung cho trong truyn thng v
cho php chuyn i t biu
din cc b sang biu din

CSE

19

Tng ng dng
Cung cp cc phng tin ngi
dng c th truy cp vo mi trng
OSI
Cung cp cc dch v thng tin
phn tn

CSE

20

M hnh tham chiu OSI

Bn thn OSI khng phi l mt kin

trc mng bi v n khng ch ra
chnh xc cc dch v v cc nghi thc
c s dng trong mi tng. M hnh
ny ch ra mi tng cn thc hin
nhim v g. ISO a ra cc tiu
chun cho tng tng, nhng cc tiu
chun ny khng phi l mt b phn
ca m hnh tham chiu.

CSE

21

M hnh tham chiu OSI

Cc iu khon m t trong m hnh c
s dng rng ri trong l thuyt truyn
thng, do , trong thc t kh c th
ni v truyn thng m khng s dng
thut ng ca OSI.
Tuy nhin, m hnh OSI ra i sau khi cc
giao thc TCP/IP c s dng rng ri.
Nhiu cng ty a ra cc sn phm
TCP/IP, v vy, m hnh OSI ch c s
dng trong thc t nh mt chun v l
CSE thuyt.
22

Gii thiu b giao thc

TCP/IP

Vo cui nhng nm 1960 v u 1970,

Trung tm nghin cu cp cao (Advanced
Research Projects Agency - ARPA) thuc b
quc phng M (Department of Defense DoD) c giao trch nhim pht trin mng
ARPANET bao gm mng ca nhng t chc
qun i, cc trng i hc v cc t chc
nghin cu v c dng h tr cho nhng
d n nghin cu khoa hc v qun i

CSE

23

Gii thiu b giao thc

TCP/IP

. u nhng nm 1980, mt b
giao thc mi c a ra lm giao
thc chun cho mng ARPANET v
cc mng ca DoD mang tn DARPA
Internet protocol suit, thng c
gi l b giao thc TCP/IP hay cn
gi tt l TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

CSE

24

Kin trc b giao thc

TCP/IP

B giao thc TCP/IP c phn

lm 4 tng

CSE

Tng ng dng (Application Layer)

Tng giao vn (Transport Layer)
Tng Internet (Internet Layer)
Tng truy cp mng (Network access
Layer)
25

Cc lp tng ng gia OSI v

TCP/IP
Applicatio
n
Presentati
on
Session

CSE

Applicatio
n

Transport

Transport

Network
Data link

Internetne
t
Network

Physical

access
26

Cc giao thc tng ng vi cc lp

trong kin trc ca TCP/IP
Application
Layer

FTP

TELNET

SMTP

DNS

SNMP

RIP

Transport
Layer

Internet
Layer

Network access
Layer

Transsmission
Control Protocol

User Datagram
Protocol

ICMP

ARP

Ethernet

Internet Protocol

Token Ring

Token Bus

Fiber

FTP (File transfer Protocol): Giao thc truyn

tp cho php ngi dng ly hoc gi tp ti
mt my khc.
Telnet: Chng trnh m phng thit b u
cui cho php ngi dng login vo mt my
ch t mt my tnh no trn mng.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Mt
giao thc th tn in t.
DNS (Domain Name server): Dch v tn
min cho php nhn ra my tnh t mt tn
min thay cho chui a ch Internet kh
nh.

CSE

28

CSE

SNMP (Simple Network Monitoring

Protocol): Giao thc qun tr mng cung
cp nhng cng c qun tr mng t xa.
RIP (Routing Internet Protocol): Giao thc
dn ng ng.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):
Nghi thc thng bo li.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Giao thc
truyn khng kt ni cung cp dch v
truyn khng tin cy nhng tit kim chi
ph truyn.
29

CSE

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Giao

thc hng kt ni cung cp dch v
truyn thng tin tng.
IP (Internet Protocol): Giao thc Internet
chuyn giao cc gi tin qua cc my tnh
n ch.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C
ch chuyn a ch TCP/IP thnh a
ch vt l ca cc thit b mng.

30

Cng ging nh trong m hnh tham

chiu OSI, d liu gi t tng
Application i xung ngn xp, mi
tng c nhng nh ngha ring v
d liu m n s dng. Ti ni gi,
mi tng coi gi tin ca tng trn gi
xung l d liu ca n v thm vo
gi tin cc thng tin iu khin ca
mnh sau chuyn tip xung tng
di. Ti ni nhn, qu trnh din ra ng
c li, mi tng li tch thng tin iu
khin ca mnh ra v chuyn d liu
ln
tng
trn.
CSE

31

Application

DATA

Transport

Internet

Network
CSE

Ethernet
Header

TCP Header

DATA

IP Header TCP Header

DATA

IP Header TCP Header

DATA

Ethernet
Trailer

32

Application
Layer

Application
Layer

Identical Message
Transport
Layer

Transport
Layer

Identical Packet
Internet
Layer
Network access
Layer

Identical Datagram

Identical Frame

Physical Net

Internet
Layer
Network access
Layer

C ch a ch Internet
Mng Internet dng h thng a ch
IP (32 bit) "nh v" cc my tnh
lin kt vi n.
H thng a ch ny c thit k
mm do qua mt s phn lp. C 5 lp
a ch IP l : A, B, C, D, E. S khc
nhau c bn gia cc lp a ch ny
l kh nng t chc cc cu trc con
ca n.

CSE

34

C ch a ch Internet
Class
A
Class
B
Class
C
Class
D
Class
E
CSE
CSE

Netid

10
110
1110
11110

Hostid
Netid

Hostid
Netid

Hostid

Multicast address
Netid
35

a ch lp A, B
Lp A Cho php nh danh 126 mng vi
ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp
ny dng cho mng c s trm cc ln:
16.777.214

0 1
31
0

7 8

15 16

Netid

23 24
Hostid

Lp B Cho php nh danh ti 16128

mng vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng.

0 1
131
0
CSE

7 8
Netid

15 16

23 24
Hostid

36

a ch lp C, D, E

CSE

Lp C Cho php nh danh ti 2 triu

mng vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng.
0 1
311 0
1
Hostid

7 8

0 1
31
1110

7 8

15 16

23 24

Netid

Lp D Dng gi cc IP datagram ti
mt nhm cc host trn mt mng.
15 16
23 24
Multicast address

Lp E D phng v dng trong tng lai.

37

C ch a ch Internet

d dng cho vic s dng a ch

IP, ngi ta dng 4 s thp phn tng ng
vi 4 nhm 8 bit v d 190.002.002.001
a ch lp A c s thp phn u tin
<128
a ch lp B c s thp phn u tin
trong khong 128..191
a ch lp B c s thp phn u tin >
191

CSE

38

Mng con v mt n mng

con
Mng Internet s dng a ch IP 32 bit v
phn chia ra cc lp rt mm do. Tuy nhin, vi
mt h thng a ch nh vy vic qun l
vn rt kh khn.
Nu nh mt mng c cp mt a ch lp A
th c ngha n cha ti 16*1.048.576 my
tnh
Do vy ngi ta dng mt n bit phn chia
mng ra thnh nhng mng con gi l Subnet.

CSE

39

Mng con v mt n mng

con

Mt n mng con (Subnet mask) l

mt con s 32 bit bao gm n bit 1 (th
ng l cc bit cao nht) dng nh
a ch mng con v m bit 0 dng
nh a ch my trong mng
con vi n+m=32
Network Number
Network Number

CSE

1111 1111

1111 1111

Host Number

Subnet
Number
1111 1111

Host Number
0000 0000

40

t a ch IP v Subnet
mask

CSE

41

Mt s giao thc lp di

Giao thc lp mng

Internet Protocol - IP

Giao thc tng giao vn

CSE

Transmission Control Protocol - TCP

User Datagram Protocol - UDP

42

Internet Protocol - IP
Tng Internet cung cp mt h thng
chuyn giao khng kt ni
Khng kt ni bi mi gi tin c truyn
i trn mng mt cch c lp
S kt hp d liu ca cc gi tin c
cung cp bi cc dch v lp trn
Chnh vic d liu c th i ti ch
trn nhiu ng khc nhau to nn s
mm do cho Internet

CSE

43

Cu trc gi tin IP
VERS

HLEN

SERVICE TYPE

IDENTIFICATION
TIME TO LIVE

TOTAL LENGTH
FLAG

PROTOCOL

FRAGMENT OFFSET

HEADER CHECK SUM

SOURCE IP ADDRESS
DESTINATION IP ADDRESS
IP OPTION (IF ANY)

PADDING

DATA
***
DATA
CSE

44

Transmission Control
Protocol
TCP cung cp dch v chuyn giao thng
tin c kt ni (connection - oriented)
N bao gm c vic kim tra v sa li.
TCP cung cp dch v tin cy vi mt c
ch gi l "Positive Ackowledgment with
Retransmission" (PAR). n gin l trm
ngun tip tc gi thng tin i cho ti khi
n nhn c thng bo d liu c
nhn chnh xc ti trm ch.

CSE

45

Cu trc gi tin TCP

SOURCE PORT

DESTINATION PORT
SEQUENCE NUMBER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER
HLEN

RESERVED

CODE BITS

CHECK SUM

WINDOW
URGENT POINTER

IP OPTION (IF ANY)

PADDING

DATA
***
DATA
CSE

46

Phn knh, Port v im

kt ni
V c nhiu giao thc ng dng lp trn cng s
dng dch v ca TCP do cn c mt c ch
nhn bit gi tin no thuc ng dng no
TCP cung cp mt c ch gi l c ch cng
(Port Mechanism) gn mi ng dng vi mt s
hiu cng (Port number) v d FTP gn vi
cng 21, HTTP gn vi cng 80
Vic la chn tin trnh tng ng vi s hiu
cng gi l Phn knh (Demultiplex)

CSE

47

Phn knh, Port v im

kt ni
i vi ngi lp trnh, mt a ch
IP hay mt cng khng nh
danh mt thc th duy nht trn
mng
TCP a ra nh ngha im kt
ni (endpoint) l mt cp s
nguyn (host, port) trong , host l
a ch IP ca mt my tnh cn
port l port number m my tnh
CSE s dng. V d: (190.2.2.1,23)
48

User Datagram Protocol

UDP cho php chng trnh ng dng truy
cp trc tip n gi tin ca dch v
chuyn giao ging nh dch v m giao
thc IP cung cp.
N cho php ng dng trao i thng tin
qua mng vi t thng tin iu khin nht.
UDP l giao thc khng kt ni, km tin
cy v n khng c c ch kim tra tnh
ng n ca d liu truyn.

CSE

49

Cu trc gi tin UDP

SOURCE PORT

DESTINATION PORT

UDP MESSAGE LENGTH

UDP CHECKSUM

IP OPTION (IF ANY)

PADDING

DATA
***
DATA

CSE

50

V sao la chn UDP

Nu mt s lng ln cc gi tin nh c
truyn, thng tin cho vic kt ni v sa li
c th ln hn nhiu so vi thng tin cn
truyn. Trong trng hp ny, UDP l gii php
hiu qu nht.
Nhng ng dng kiu "Query-Response"
cng rt ph hp vi UDP, cu tr li c th
dng lm s xc nhn ca mt cu hi. Mt
s ng dng t n cung cp cng ngh
ring
chuyn giao thng tin tin cy
CSE
51

Cc giao thc ng dng

File Transfer Protocol - FTP
Domain Name System - DNS
Simple Net Management Protocol SNMP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - HTTP

CSE

52

File Transfer Protocol - FTP

y l mt giao thc ng dng cung cp
cho ngi dng phng php sao chp tp t
mt my tnh xa
Chng trnh s dng giao thc ny dng
cng 21 v thit lp hai knh truyn logic

Knh truyn lnh tn ti sut phin lm vic

Knh truyn d liu c thit lp mi khi c
d liu truyn v gii phng sau khi s dng

CSE

Giao thc ny c c t trong RFC 959

53

S dng FTP
$ ftp sco5
Connected to sco5.
220220 sco5.cse.com.vn FTP server (Version 2.1WU(1)) ready.
User (sco5.cse.com.vn:(none)):binhnn
331 Password required for binhnn.
Password:
230 User binhnn logged in.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> get nettcp.c
local: nettcp.c remote: nettcp.c
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for nettcp.c (46 bytes).
226 Transfer complete.
46 bytes received in 0 seconds (0.04 Kbytes/s)
ftp> bye
221 Goodbye.
$

Domain Name System DNS

a ch IP khng mang thng tin
v a l, t chc hay ngi dng.
Ngi ta xy dng h thng t
tn gi l Domain Name System
cung cp cho ngi dng cch t
tn cho cc my tnh vi cch t
tn thng thng quen thuc
Tn_ngi_dng@Tn_min

CSE

55

Telnet
Telnet cho php ngi s dng t
trm lm vic ca mnh c th
ng nhp (login) vo mt trm xa
nh l mt u cui (teminal) ni
trc tip vi trm xa .
c t v Telnet c th tm thy
trong RFC 854..861, 884, 885,
1091, 1097 v 1116

CSE

56

Telnet
Client c
t trm
cui
Users
Terminal

Telnet
Client

H iu
hnh

CSE

Server
nhn
Clientthng bo
gi t client
thng
bo
n
server
TCP/IP
Internet

Telnet
Server

H iu
hnh

Server
gi
thng
bo ti
my
tnh
thc
hin
pseud
o
termin
57
al

Phn cp domain name

vn
gov

vnuh
fit

CSE

edu

com

mil

org

nic

hau

58

Domain Name System

Mt my tnh c th c nhiu tn trn
mng
Mi tn l duy nht
Vic nh x a ch IP - Domain
Name c thc hin bi

Nane server ci t ti cc my server

Name resolver ci t ti cc my trm

DNS c c t trong RFC 1034, 1035

CSE

59

Simple Network Monitoring

Protocol - SNMP

H thng qun tr mng cn gi l m

hnh Manager/Agent bao gm
Tin trnh qun tr cung cp giao
din gia ngi qun tr mng vi cc
thit b c qun tr
H b qun tr bao gm tin trnh
Agent thc hin cc thao tc qun
tr v cc i tng c qun tr nh
my ch, hub, knh truyn
CSE

60

- C s thng tin qun tr

(Management Information Base MIB) c lu tr c h thng
qun tr v h thng b qun
tr cha cc thng tin cn thit
cho vic qun tr

CSE

61

M hnh Manager/Agent
ca h thng qun tr
mng
Management
System

Manager
Process
Management
Database

CSE

Managed
System
Commands
Responses

Agent Process
Management
Database

Managed
Object

Notifications

62

Simple Network
Monitoring Protocol - SNMP
Giao thc qun tr mng cung cp ph
ng thc lin lc gia manager, cc
i tng c qun tr v cc agent
Giao thc qun tr mng ci t
trong b giao thc TCP/IP s dng
giao thc khng kt ni UDP
c t SNMP c th tm thy trong
RFC 1155..1158

CSE

63

Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol - SMTP
L giao thc s dng cho vic trao i
th in t gia cc ngi dng trn mng
Ch ra cch thc mt h thng phn
pht mail chuyn cc thng ip qua
mt kt ni t mt my ny n mt
my khc.
c im ni bt l vic x l khng
trc tuyn - off line, th in t c lu ti
hm th ca ngi s dng mt trung
CSE tm my tnh no
64

Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol
Tin trnh server cn c quyn
ROOT ghi vo hm th ca mi
ngi, y l mt l hng trong
vn bo v an ton thng tin
trn mng
c t cho SMTP c trong RFC 821

CSE

65

Hyper Text Transfer

Protocol
chun truyn cc siu vn bn
trn Web.
HTTP hot ng gn ging FTP nh
ng khng duy tr kt ni truyn
lnh, knh truyn d liu c
thit lp v gii phng ngay sau
khi ti liu c truyn - nhn

CSE

66

World Wide Web - WWW

World Wide Web c xy dng v hot
ng theo m hnh Client/Server. Cc
Client dng mt phn mm gi l Web
Browser. Web Browser tip nhn thng tin
yu cu t ngi dng sau gi cc yu
cu ti my Server x l.
Web Server cng l mt phn mm chy
trn cc my phc v, nhn Request thc
hin
theo
yu
cu
ri
tr
thng
tin
CSE
67
(Response) cho ngi s dng.

Trao i thng tin

Web Browser - Server
Gopher Server
Gopher

Web Browser

HTTP

Web Server

Gateway

Other Server

FTP

FTP Server

CSE

68

Nhng vn c bn
ca mng
Kim sot li
Kim sot lung d liu
nh a ch
nh gi tin cy
An ton thng tin trn mng
Qun tr mng

CSE

69

An ton thng tin trn

mng
Nhng vn v an ton thng
tin
Cc lp ro chn bo v thng tin
Bc tng la - gii php an ton
thng tin trn Internet

CSE

70

An ton thng tin

Nhu cu bo v thng tin

Bo mt
Bo v ton vn
m bo tnh sn sng

Cc phng php tn cng

Nghe trm
Tn cng vo nhng l hng ca h thng
Tn cng vo yu t con ngi

CSE

71

Cc lp ro chn bo v
thng tin

Quyn
Thng tin

Bo
v

truy
cp

CSE

UID

vt
Passwor
d

ho

Bc
tng

Mng
ngoi

la

72

Bc tng la
Mt gii php an ton thng tin c s
dng rng ri nht hin nay trn Internet
L mt tm chn gia mng ni b v
mng bn ngoi
Bao gm c phn cng v phn mm
C nhiu loi bc tng la khc nhau
C th xem chi tit trong ti liu
Firewall ca CSE

CSE

73

Cc thng tin cn thit

Ngi bin son: Nguyn Hu Tun

E-commerce and IT Department.
Ministry of Trade

CSE

74

Ti liu tham kho

Andrew S.T., Computer Network,
Prentice Hall, 1988.
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Douglas E.C., Internetworking With
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Request for Comments - RFCs

CSE

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