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Chapter 6

Production Theory and Estimation

Organization of Production
Production Function with Variable Input
Optimal Use of the Variable Input
Production Function with Two Variable Inputs
Optimal Combination of Inputs
Return to Scale
Empirical Production Functions
Innovations and Global Competitiveness

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 1

Bab 6
Teori Produksi dan Perkiraan

Organisasi Produksi
Fungsi Produksi dengan Variable Input
Penggunaan Optimal dari Variable Input
Fungsi Produksi dengan Dua Variable Inputs
Kombinasi Optimal dari Inputs
Tingkat Pengembalian
Fungsi Produksi Empiris
Inovasi dan Persaingan Global

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 2

The Organization of Production


Inputs: Labor, Capital, Land or natural resources
Fixed Inputs: cannot be readily changed: the
firms plant, equipment

Variable Inputs: can be varied easily on very


short notice: raw materials n unskilled L

Short Run: At least one input is fixed


Long Run: All inputs are variable; the length of
the LR (time period required for all inputs to be
variable) depends on the industry many years for
electricity generating plant
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 3

Organisasi Produksi
Input: Buruh/TK. Kapital, Lahan/ SDA
Input Tetap: tidak dapat diganti dg segera: pabrik,
alat

Input Tidak Tetap: dapat dirobah dg mudah


melalui perintah singkat: bahan baku & TK tidak ahli

Jangka Pendek: minimal satu input adalah tetap


Jangka Panjang: seluruh inputs berobah/tidak
tetap; panjangnya LR (waktu yang dibutuhkan bagi
input untuk berobah) tergantung dari industrinya
beberapa tahun untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 4

Production Function With Two Inputs


A Production Function: is an equation, table, or graph
showing the maximum output of a commodity that a
firm can produce per period of time with each set of
inputs.

Q = f(L, K)

K
6
5
4
3
2
1

Q
10
12
12
10
7
3
1

24
28
28
23
18
8
2

31
36
36
33
28
12
3

36
40
40
36
30
14
4

40
42
40
36
30
14
5

39
40
36
33
28
12
6 L

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

p. 227

Slide 5

Fungsi Produksi Dengan Dua Input Tidak Tetap


Fungsi produksi: persamaan, tabel, atau grafik yang
menunjukan output maksimum yang bisa diproduksi
oleh suatu perusahaan pada setiap kombinasi input
dalam jangka waktu tertentu

Q = f(L, K)
K
6
5
4
3
2
1

Q
10
12
12
10
7
3
1

24
28
28
23
18
8
2

31
36
36
33
28
12
3

36
40
40
36
30
14
4

40
42
40
36
30
14
5

39
40
36
33
28
12
6 L

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

p. 227

Slide 6

Production Function With Two Inputs


Discrete Production Surface
Max output = 42

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 7

Fungsi Produksi Dengan Dua Input Tidak Tetap


Bentuk Permukaan Produksi
Output maks = 42

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 8

Production Function
With Two Inputs
Continuous Production Surface

p. 229

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 9

Fungsi Produksi
Dengan Dua Input Tidak Tetap
Permukaan Produksi Berkesinabungan

p. 229

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 10

Production Function
With One Variable Input
Total Product
Marginal Product
Average Product

p. 230

TP = Q = f(L)
TP
L

MPL =

TP

APL =

L
Production or
Output Elasticity

EL =

%Q

Q/Q
=

L/L

Q/L
Q/L

%L
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

MPL
APL
Slide 11

Fungsi Produksi
p. 230
Dengan Satu Input Tidak Tetap
Total Produksi TP = Q = f(L)
Produksi Marginal
Produksi Rata-rata

TP
L

MPL =

TP

APL =

L
Elastisitas
Produksi atau
Output

EL =

%Q

Q/Q
=

L/L

Q/L
Q/L

%L
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

MPL
APL
Slide 12

Production Function p. 231


With One Variable Input
Total, Marginal, and Average Product of Labor, and Output Elasticity

L
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Q
0
3
8
12
14
14
12

MPL
3
5
4
2
0
-2

APL
3
4
4
3.5
2.8
2

EL
1
1.25
1
0.57
0
-1

Maximum Product
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 13

p. 231
Fungsi Produksi
Dengan Satu Input Tidak Tetap
Total, Marginal, dan Rata-rata Produksi TK, dan Elastisitas Output

L
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Q
0
3
8
12
14
14
12

MPL
3
5
4
2
0
-2

APL
3
4
4
3.5
2.8
2

EL
1
1.25
1
0.57
0
-1

Produksi maksimum
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 14

Production Function
With One Variable Input
MPL = 0

TP max at 4L and 5L
MPL = maks

MPL increases up 1,5 L and deceases negative after 4,5 L

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 15

Fungsi Produksi
Dengan Satu Input Tidak Tetap
MPL = 0

TP tertinggi pada 4L dan 5L


MPL = maks

MPL naik hingga 1,5 L kmd turun dan negatif stlh 4,5 L

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 16

Production Function
With One Variable Input

p. 233

MPL = 0

MPL = APL

MPL = 0
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 17

Fungsi
ProduksiFunction p. 233
Production
Dengan
Input Tidak
Tetap
With Satu
One Variable
Input
MPL = 0

MPL = APL

MPL = 0
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 18

Profit Maximization

p.248

= TR TC = P.Q wL rK

Q = f (K,L)

p. 270

= P. f (K,L) wL rK
1

d = Pdf
dL
dL

w = 0

(MPL)(MR) = MRPL = w

d = Pdf
dK
dK

r = 0

(MPK)(MR) = MRPK = r

P is constant P = MR

MPL

MPK

MPL

MPK

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

r
Slide 19

Laba Maksimum
= TR TC = P.Q wL rK
= P. f (K,L) wL rK
1

d = Pdf
dL
dL

p. 270

Q = f (K,L)

w = tingkat upah; r = tk bunga

w = 0

(MPL)(MR) = MRPL = w
d = Pdf
dK
dK

p.248

r = 0

(MPK)(MR) = MRPK = r

P tetap P = MR

MPL

MPK

MPL

MPK

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

r
Slide 20

Optimal Use of the


Variable Input
Use of Labor is Optimal When L = 3.50
L
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50

MPL
4
3
2
1
0

MR = P
$10
10
10
10
10

MRPL
$40
30
20
10
0

MRCL
$20
20
20
20
20

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 21

Penggunaan Optimal dari


Input Tidak Tetap
Penggunaan Labor Optimal jika L = 3.50
L
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50

MPL
4
3
2
1
0

MR = P
$10
10
10
10
10

MRPL
$40
30
20
10
0

MRCL
$20
20
20
20
20

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 22

Optimal Use of the


Variable Input
Marginal Revenue
Product of Labor

p. 235

MVPL = MRPL
MRPL = (MPL)(MR)
MR = P

TC

Marginal Resource
Cost of Labor

MRCL =

Optimal Use of Labor

MRPL = MRCL = w

=w

Should continue to hire L as long as MRPL > MRCL


Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 23

Penggunaan Optimal dari


Input Tidak Tetap
Penerimaan Produksi
Marginal dari TK
Biaya Marginal
dari TK
Penggunaan Optimal
dari TK

p. 235

MVPL = MRPL
MRPL = (MPL)(MR)
MR = P

MRCL =

TC

=w

L
MRPL = MRCL = w

Sebaiknya terus memakai TK selama MRPL > MRCL


Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 24

Optimal Use of Labor


MVPL
TR = P.Q

MRPL = (MPL)(MR)

p. 236

TR
MR =
Q

A
Maximum profits

Optimal amount of L

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 25

Penggunaan Optimal dari TK


MVPL
TR = P.Q

MRPL = (MPL)(MR)

TR
MR =
Q

p. 236

Upah Minimum:
Masalah Internal & eksternal

Laba Maksimum
Jumlah Optimal TK

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 26

Production With Two


Variable Inputs
Isoquants show combinations of two
inputs that can produce the same level of
output.
Firms will only use combinations of two
inputs that are in the economic region of
production, which is defined by the portion
of each isoquant that is negatively sloped.
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 27

Produksi Dengan Dua


Input Tidak Tetap
Isoquant menunjukkan kombinasi dua
input yang dapat memproduksi jumlah
output yang sama.
Perusahaan hanya akan menggunakan
kombinasi dua input yang berada di dalam
wilayah economi dari produksi, dimana
ditentukan oleh bahagian dari setiap
isoquant yang slopnya negatif.
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 28

Production With Two


Variable Inputs (K and L)
Isoquants

TP curve ??

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 29

Produksi Dengan Dua


Input Tidak Tetap (K and L)
Isoquant

Kurva TP ??

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 30

Production With Two


Variable Inputs

p. 242

Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution:


The absolute value of the slope of an isoquant or the
ratio of the marginal productivities

MRTS = -K/L = MPL/MPK


Because at isoquant: (L) MPL = - (K) MPK
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 31

Produksi Dengan Dua


Input tidak Tetap

p. 242

Tingkat Marginal dari Substitusi Teknis:


Nilai absolut dari slope sebuah isoquant atau ratio
dari productivitas marginal

MRTS = -K/L = MPL/MPK


Karena pada isoquant: (L) MPL = - (K) MPK
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 32

p.240

Production With Two


Variable Inputs
Economic region = Negatively sloped segment of Isoquants

Economic
Region of
Production:
Between ridge
lines: OVI &
OZI

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 33

p.240

Produksi Dengan Dua


Input Tidak Tetap
Wilayah Ekonomis = bagian slop negatif dari isoquant
Dapat memroduksi jumlah yg
sama dg input yg lebih sedikit
Pada U lebih banyak inputs.

Wilayah
Ekonomis
dari
Produsksi:
Diantara garis
pembatas:
OVI & OZI
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 34

Maximum
Maximum Variable
Variable Proportions
Proportions for
for Inputs
Inputs XXand
and YY

X and Y = inputs
Figure 7.6
Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e

2003 South-Western/Thomson Learning

735

Proporsi
Proporsi Maksimum
Maksimum untuk
untuk Input
Input XX ddan
an YY

X dan Y = input
Figure 7.6
Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e

2003 South-Western/Thomson Learning

736

Production With Two


Variable Inputs
p.242

At isoquant: (L) MPL = - (K) MPK


MRTS = -K/L = MPL/MPK

MRTS = -(-2.5/1) = 2.5


-2.5K

-2.5K

N R : MRTS = 2.5
R S : MRTS = 0.5

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 37

Produksi Dengan Dua


Input Tidak Tetap
p.242

Pada isoquant: (L) MPL = - (K) MPK


MRTS = -K/L = MPL/MPK

MRTS = -(-2.5/1) = 2.5


-2.5K

-2.5K

N R : MRTS = 2.5
R S : MRTS = 0.5

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 38

Production With Two


Variable Inputs
Perfect Substitutes

Perfect Complements

Isoquant is a straight line


MRTS is constant = K & L
are perfect substitutes
Perfect complements:
Using only more L or
only more K does not
Increase Q MPL =MPK = 0

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 39

Produksi Dengan Dua


Input Tidak Tetap
Substitusi Sempurna

Saling Membutuhkan
yang Sempurna

Isoquant adalah garis lurus


MRTS tetap = K & L
adalah substitusi sempurna
Saling membutuhkan sempurna:
Menggunakan hanya TK lebih
banyak atau hanya K dinaikan tidak
akan menaikkan Q
MPL =MPK = 0

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 40

Optimal Combination of Inputs


Isocost lines represent all combinations of
two inputs that a firm can purchase with
the same total cost.
p. 245

C wL rK

C Total Cost
w Wage Rate of Labor ( L )

C w
K L
r r

r Cost of Capital ( K )

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 41

Kombinasi Optimal dari Input


Garis biaya-sama menunjukkan seluruh
kombinasi dua input dimana suatu
perusahaan dapat membeli dengan total
biaya yang sama.
p. 245
C wL rK

C Total Cost
w = Tingkat upah

C w
K L
r r

r = Biaya Modal

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 42

Optimal Combination of Inputs


C/r = 100/10
Isocost line

Isocost Lines
AB

C = $100, w = r = $10

AB

C = $140, w = r = $10

AB

C = $80, w = r = $10

AB*

C = $100, w = $5, r = $10

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 43

Kombinasi Optimal Input


C/r = 100/10
Garis Biaya -sama

Isocost Lines
AB

C = $100, w = r = $10

AB

C = $140, w = r = $10

AB

C = $80, w = r = $10

AB*

C = $100, w = $5, r = $10

Harga L turun:
$10 $5

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 44

Optimal Combination of Inputs


MPL
w

MPK
r

MRTS = w/r

Minimizing the cost of producing a given level


of output or maximizing Q for a given cost outlay

At pt H can produce
10Q or 14Q but isocost
AB could reach
isoquant 14Q not 10Q
at pt F

p. 246

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 45

Kombinasi Optimal dari Input


MPL
w

MPK
r

MRTS = w/r

Meminimumkan biaya produksi pada tingkat output


tertentu atau memaksimumkan Q untuk biaya tertentu.

Pd titik H dapat
memproduksi 10Q atau
14Q tetapi isocost AB
dapat mencapai
isoquant 14Q bukan
10Q pd titik F

p. 246

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 46

Optimal
Optimal
Input
Input
Combination
Combination
ss
X and Y = inputs

Figure 7.9
Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e

2003 South-Western/Thomson Learning

747

Kombinasi
Kombinasi
Input
Input
Optimal
Optimal
X dan Y = input

Figure 7.9
Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e

2003 South-Western/Thomson Learning

748

Optimal Combination of Inputs


Effect of a Change in Input Prices
w = r = $10 w falls to $5
At isoquant 10Q and optimal
combination of K and L at pt R

w falls to $5

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 49

Kombinasi Optimal Input


Dampak dari Perobahan Harga Input
w = r = $10 w turun jadi $5
Pada isoquant 10Q dan kombinasi
optimal dari K dan L pada titik R

w turun $5

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 50

Returns to Scale
Production Function Q = f(L, K)
Q = f(hL, hK)
If = h, then f has constant returns to scale.
If > h, then f has increasing returns to scale.
If < h, the f has decreasing returns to scale.
If = h = 2 constant returns to scale = output increases
in the same proportion.
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 51

Skala Pengembalian
Fungsi Produksi Q = f(L, K)
Q = f(hL, hK)
If = h, f mempunyai skala pengembalian
konstan.
If > h, f mempunyai skala pengembalian
menaik
If < h, f memp.skala pengemb. menurun.
If = h = 2 skala pengembalian konstan = output naik
dengan proporsi yang sama .
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 52

Returns to Scale
Constant
Returns to
Scale

=h

Increasing
Returns to
Scale

>h

Q = f(hL, hK)

Decreasing
Returns to
Scale

<h

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 53

Skala Pengembalian
Skala
Pengembalian
Tetap

=h

Skala
Pengembalian
Meningkat

>h

Q = f(hL, hK)

Skala
Pengembalian
Menurun

<h

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 54

Empirical Production
Functions

p. 255

Cobb-Douglas Production Function


Q = AKaLb
m
Estimated using Natural Logarithms
ln Q = ln A + a ln K + b ln L
a and b = output elasticity
a + b = 1 (constant returns to scale)

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 55

Fungsi Produksi Empiris


p. 255
Fungsi Produksi Cobb-Douglas
Q = AKaLb
m
Estimasi menggunakan Natural Logarithms
ln Q = ln A + a ln K + b ln L
a dan b = elastisitas output
a + b = 1 (Tingkat pengembalian tetap)

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 56

Innovations and Global


Competitiveness

p. 257

Product Innovation: a new product - US


Process Innovation: a new process - Japan
Product Cycle Model: lose their mkt to foreign imitators
Just-In-Time Production System: component become availablep. 260
just when needed: Toyota; prepared to lose millions of $

Competitive Benchmarking: to test in the quality control program


and customer satisfaction: Japan with Xerox copying machine

Computer-Aided Design (CAD): R&D on a computer screen


Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM): integrated
machine tools

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 57

Inovasi dan Persaingan Global

p. 257

Produk Inovasi: sebuah produksi baru - US


Inovasi Pengolahan: sebuah proses produksi- Japan
Model Siklus Produk:
Produk kehilangan pasar oleh peniru negara asing
Sistem Produksi Tepat Waktu:
Waktu komponen selalu tersedia tepatp. 260
waktu: Toyota; siap untuk rugi jutaan $

Standar Bersaing:
Bersaing menguji dalam program kontrol mutu dan kepuasan
pelanggan: Jepang dengan Xerox mesin fotocopy

Computer-Aided Design (CAD): R&D terhadap

layar

komputer

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM):

alat-alat mesin

terintegrasi

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 58

ONE VARIABLE INPUT

TWO VARIABLE INPUTS


Input K
Output

Output

Input L

Input L
K fixed

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 59

Problems
No. 6, 7 and 8 :

p. 267 (hal 290)

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 60

MAX PROFIT: MVPL = w


MPL x Px = w

= TR TC

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 61

Production Function
With One Variable Input

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

p. 233

Slide 62

Fungsi Produksi
p. 233
dengan Satu Input Tidak Tetap

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Slide 63

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