Operational

Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
AnOperational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is
fundamentally a voltage amplifying device designed to
be used with external feedback components such as
resistors and capacitors between its output and input
terminals. These feedback components determine the
resulting function or operation of the amplifier and by
virtue of the different feedback configurations whether
resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform
a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name
of Operational Amplifier.

Symbol and Pin

configuration
AnOperational Amplifieris basically a
three-terminal device which consists of
two high impedance inputs, one called
theInverting Input, marked with a
negative or minus sign, (-) and the
other one called theNon-inverting
Input, marked with a positive or plus
sign (+).
The
third
terminal
represents
theOperational Amplifiersoutput port.

+V

cc

Input 1

V
in

Input 2

R ~inf

Output

-V R ~0
cc

out

Op Amp Equivalent Circuit

vd = v2 v1

A is the open-loop voltage

gain

v
1

Voltage
controlled
voltage source

IC Product
OFFSET
NULL

N.C.

-IN

+IN

DIP-741

OUTPUT A

V+

-IN A

OUTPUT

+IN A

OFFSET
NULL

7 OUTPUT B

V+

-IN B

5 +IN B

Dual op-amp 1458 device

Applications
Audio amplifiers
Speakers and microphone circuits in cell phones, computers, mpg players,
boom boxes, etc.
Instrumentation amplifiers
Biomedical systems including heart monitors and oxygen sensors.
Power amplifiers
Analog computers
Combination of integrators, differentiators, summing amplifiers, and
multipliers

Mode of Operation
Single-Ended Input
+

~ Vi

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

+ terminal : Source
terminal : Ground
0o phase change
Ref:080114HKN

+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source
180o phase change
7

Mode of Operation
Double-Ended Input

Differential input

Vd V V

0o phase shift change

~ V1

~
Ref:080114HKN

between Vo and Vd

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Distortion
+V =+5V
cc

+5V
0
5V

V =5V
cc

The output voltage never excess the DC

voltage supply of the Op-Amp

Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Mode of Operation
Common-Mode Operation
+
Same voltage source is applied
at both terminals
Ideally, two input are equally
amplified
Output voltage is ideally zero
due to differential voltage is
zero
Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured

Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Note for differential circuits:

Opposite inputs : highly
amplified
Common inputs : slightly
amplified
10

Common-Mode Rejection

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

(CMRR)
Differential voltage input :

Vd V V
Common voltage input :

1
Vc (V V )
2
Output voltage :

Vo G d V d G cVc
Gd : Differential gain
Gc : Common mode gain

Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Noninverting
+
Input
Output
Inverting
Input

Common-mode rejection ratio:

CMRR

Gd
G
20 log 10 d (dB)
Gc
Gc

Note:
When Gd >> Gc or CMRR
Vo = GdVd

11

Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
-

The gain without feedback

Equal to differential gain
Zero common-mode gain
Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000

(2) Infinite Input impedance

-

Input current ii ~0A

T- in high-grade op-amp
m-A input current in low-grade op-amp

(3) Zero Output Impedance

Ref:080114HKN

act as perfect internal voltage source

No internal resistance
Output impedance in series with load
Reducing output voltage to the load
Practically, Rout ~ 20-100
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

V1

V2

Vo

i1~0

i2~0

Vo

Rout
Vo' +

Vload

Rload
Rload
Vo
Rload Rout
12

Frequency-Gain Relation

Ideally, signals are amplified

from DC to the highest AC
(Voltage Gain) 20log(0.707)=3dB
frequency
Gd
Practically, bandwidth is limited 0.707Gd
741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.

Unity Gain frequency f1: the

gain at unity
Cutoff frequency fc: the gain
drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd

1
0

fc

f1
(frequency)

GB Product : f1 = Gd fc

Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

13

GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp having a
unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage differential gain Gd
= 20V/mV
(Voltage Gain)

Sol:
Since f1 = 10 MHz

Gd
0.707Gd

? Hz

By using GB production
equation
f1 = Gd fc
fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV
= 10 106 / 20 103
= 500 Hz

Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

10MHz

1
0

fc

f1
(frequency)

14

Ideal Vs Practical OpAmp

Ideal

Practical

Open Loop gain A

105

Bandwidth BW

10-100Hz

Input Impedance Zin

>1M

10-100

Output Impedance Zout

Output Voltage Vout

Depends only
on Vd =
(V+V)
Differential
mode signal

CMRR

Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Depends slightly
on average input
Vc = (V++V)/2
Common-Mode
signal

Vin

+ AVin

Ideal op-amp

Zout=0

Vin

Zin

Vout

Practical op-amp

Zout
~

Vout

AVin

10-100dB
15

Ideal Op-Amp
Applications
Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero
For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(3) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(4) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(5) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain
Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

16

Non-inverting
Amplifier
(1)

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields, V Vi

Rf

Ra

Rf

Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo

0
or
Ra
Rf

Ref:080114HKN

in

Kirchhoff node equation at V

yields, V 0 V Vo 0
Ra

(3)

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Rf
Vo
1
Vi
Ra

17

Inverting Amplifier
Rf

(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+

V 0
yields,
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V
Vin V_ Vo V

0
yields,
Ra
Rf

(3) Setting VV+o = V Ryields

f

Vin

Ref:080114HKN

Ra

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Ra

V ~
in

Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin

is dependent upon the ratio of two
resistors, and is independent of the
open-loop gain. This is caused by
the use of feedback output voltage
to subtract from the input voltage.
18

Multiple Inputs
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at
V+ yields,

V 0

(2) Kirchhoff node equation at

V yields,
V_ Vo
Rf

Rf
Va
Vb
Vc

Ra
Rb
Rc

V Va V Vb V Vc

0
Ra
Rb
Rc

(3) Setting V+ =
c V

Va V Vyields
V
j
Vo R f
b c R f
j a R j
Ra Rb Rc
Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

19

Op-Amp Integrator
C
+5V
0

100s

10 k

+5V
0

0.01F

Vo(max)=10 V

0
-5V
-10V

Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

20

Op-Amp Differentiator
R
0

to

C
t1

t2

t1

to
dVi
vo
RC
dt

Ref:080114HKN

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

21

t2

Assignment
Make a research on the following:
Op-amp:
1. Maximum Ratings
2. Electrical Characteristics
3. Input Parameters
4. Output Parameters
5. Dynamic Parameters
6. History timeline of Op-amp
.To be hand-written on short bond paper and be submitted next meeting!

End!!!