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DAMS

TERMINOLOGY for DAMS

Dam.........................................................baraj
Small dam...............................................bent veya glet
Reservoir................................................hazne veya gl alan
Leakage..................................................su kaa
Seepage..................................................szma
Storage...................................................depolama
Coffer dam..............................................batardo
Upstream coffer dam.............................memba batardosu
Downstream coffer dam........................mansap batardosu
Core.........................................................baraj ekirdei
Filter.........................................................filtre veya geirgen katman
Diversion tunnel.....................................derivasyon tneli evirme tneli
Rip-rap.....................................................koruyucu kaya dolgu
Cut-off.....................................................hendek
Toe-drain.................................................topuk drenaj
Right side................................................sa yan sa sahil
Left side..................................................sol yan sol sahil

River side.....................................nehir ii
Butress.........................................payanda
Foundation...................................temel
Embankment................................sedde
Base-width....................................taban genilii
Crest..............................................tepe
Cut-off trench...............................saplama hendei
Expansion joint............................genileme derzi (dilatasyon)
Spillway........................................dolusavak
Gravity dam..................................arlk baraj
Tail water......................................kan su
Head water...................................giren su
Arch dam......................................kemer baraj
Abutment......................................yan dayanak
Multiple arch dam........................ok kemerli baraj veya payandal baraj
Extrados.......................................d yzey
Intrados........................................i yzey

Parapet...............................................korkuluk
Rock fill dam......................................kaya dolgu baraj
Compacted rock fill...........................sktrlm kaya dolgu
Dumped rock fill................................dkme kaya dolgu
Foot wall.............................................topuk duvar
Earth dam...........................................toprak baraj
Watertight core..................................geirimsiz ekirdek
Watertight diaphram.........................geirimsiz perde
Retaining wall....................................istinat (dayanma) duvar
Hard ground......................................salam zemin
Impervious ground...........................geirimsiz zemin
Grout curtain.....................................enjeksiyon (harlama) perdesi
Overburden.......................................syrlacak katman
Bedrock.............................................yerli kaya

DISTRIBUTION of WATER RESOURCES

In Turkey, 536 large dams have been built and


being operated. On the other hand, Small
Hydraulic Works Department has built 42 small
dams.

Here, 50 storage facilities that are not considered


as dam due to their low heights (<15m) and low
storage capatcities (<2 hm3) have not been taken
into account.

By now, construction of 100 dams and


hydroelectric powerplants is going on.

Definition

A dam is a structure which prevents the flow


of water and accumulates it in a reservoir

Karakaya Dam/Diyarbakr

Atatrk Dam/anlurfa

Needs for Dam Construction


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Drinking and domestic water supply


Flood control
Irrigation
Industrial water supply
Hydroelectric energy production
Retention and control of sediments
and Inland navigation, Improvement of water quality,
Fish Farming, Recreation facilities

BREAKDOWN by PURPOSE of DAMS in EUROPE

CLASSIFICATION OF
DAMS

ACCORDING to the SIZE of the DAM


1.
2.

Large (Big) dam


Small dam

International Commision on Large Dams, (ICOLD) assumes a dam


as big when its height is bigger than 15m.

If the height of the dam is between 10m and 15m and matches the
following criteria, then ICOLD accepts the dam as big:

If the crest length is bigger than 500m


If the reservoir capacity is larger than 1 million m3
If the flood discharge is more than 2000 m3/s
If there are some difficulties in the construction of foundation

ACCORDING to HEIGHT of DAM

High Dam or Large Dam

Medium Dam

If the height of the dam is bigger than 100m

If the height of the dam is between 50m and 100m

Low Dam or Small Dam

If the height of the dam is lower than 50m

ACCORDING to the STATICAL DESIGN of


DAM BODY

Gravity Dams

Arch Dams

Butress Dams
Embankment Dams
Composite Dams

(Saryar, ubuk I, Kemer, Sr II


Karacaren II)
(Gkekaya, Karakaya,
Oymapnar, Gezende)
(Elmal II)
(Atatrk, Seyhan, Aslanta)
(Keban)

GRAVITY DAMS

Gravity Dams use their triangular shape and the sheer


weight of their rock and concrete structure to hold back
the water in the reservoir.

Saryar Dam Sakarya River;


Height= 90 m
Reservoir Capacity= 1.9 billion m3

ARCH DAMS

Arch Dams utilize the strength of an arch to displace the


load of water behind it onto the rock walls that it is built
into.

Karakaya Dam Frat River;


Height= 173 m
Reservoir Capacity= 9,5 billion m3

BUTRESS DAMS

Buttress Dams use multiple reinforced columns to


support a dam that has a relatively thin structure.
Because of this, these dams often use half as much
concrete as gravity dams
Elmal II Gksu River;
Height= 42.5 m
Reservoir Capacity= 10 million m3

EMBANKMENT DAMS
(Rock Fill or Earth Fill Dams)

They are mostly composed of natural materials such


as, clay, sand, gravel etc...
Impervious core is placed in the middle of the
embankment body
Generally riprap is used to control erosion
Atatrk Dam Frat River;
Height= 169 m;
Reservoir Capacity= 48,7 billion m3

COMPOSITE DAMS

Composite dams are combinations of one or more dam


types. Most often a large section of a dam will be either
an embankment or gravity dam, with the section
responsible for power generation being a buttress or
arch.

Keban Dam Frat River;


Height= 163 m;
Reservoir Capacity= 31 billion m3

Gravity & Rock Fill

ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL
STUDIES for DAM
CONSTRUCTION

1. RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
Evaluation of the data having at archives of MTA, DSI, EIE,
Universities,......etc
Field investigation for limited time (Reconnaissance Study)
Some maps in small scale, for example 1/25.000 or 1/50.000
Some hydraulic data about

1.
2.
3.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.

5.
6.
7.

Basin
Precipitation area
Runoff, maximum discharge {Q=R/t (m3/s)}
Modulus of Runoff (R/t/m2 ~ R/t/km2)

Some approach to the reservoir area, dam site and type of dam
and height of dam...etc
Photogeological studies
A preliminary report

2. PRELIMINARY STUDIES at the


RESERVOIR AREA and DAM SITE
1.

Dam site investigations


1.
2.
3.
4.

2.
3.
4.

Location of dam axis


Location of diversion tunnel
Location of spillway
Location of powerhouse...etc

Geological studies
Geophysical surveying
Underground investigations
1. Boreholes
2. Investigation galleries
3. Pitholes

5.

Surveying for materials


1. Field surveying
2. Laboratory tests

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Slope stability investigations


Earthquake hazard & risk analysis
Environmental studies
Leakage possibilities from reservoir area
Leakage possibilities from dam site
Erosion, sedimentation & siltation

DETAILED INVESTIGATION at DAM SITE


1.

Topographic surveyings

2.

Geological mappings
1/5000 1/1000 or 1/500

3.

Underground explorations
Boreholes, adits....etc

4.

Hydrogeological studies

5.

Slope stability analysis

FACTORS AFFECTING to the DAM TYPE


SELECTION

Topography
Geology

Bearing capacity of the underlying soil


Foundation settlements
Permeability of the foundation soil

Material availability
Spillway position
Earthquakes
Safety
Height
Aesthetic view
Qualified labour
Cost

FACTORS AFFECTING to the PLACE of the


DAM AXIS

Topography
Geology
Materials
Spillway location availability
Derivation
Sediments in the flowing water
Water quality
Expropriation costs
Earthquake possibility
Downstream water rights

RIVER BASINS in TURKEY


Turkey has been separated into 26 main river basins for the
hydrological studies.

ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS OF DAMS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of
CONSTRUCTION PHASE of DAMS
River pollution
Erosion
Loss of aesthetic view
Air pollution
Noise pollution
Dust

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of
RESERVOIRS

Loss of land
Habitat Destruction :

The area that is covered by the reservoir is destroyed, killing


whatever habitat existed there beforehand.

Loss of archeological and histrorical places


Loss of mineral deposits
Loss of special geological formations
Aesthetic view reduction
Sedimentation
Change in river flow regime and flood effects
Reservoir induced seismicity
Change in climate and plant species

EFFECTS of DAMS to WATER QUALITY

Change in temperature
Turbidity
Dissolved gases in the water

Water discharged from the spillway contains 110-120%


saturated nitrogen. This amount may be destructive for fish
life.

Eutrophication

It means increase in vegetation. If moss and other plants


exist in water, quality of that water gets worse.

SOME DAMS from SPACE

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