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BREWERIES, WINERIES &

DISTILLERIES
By
Anshumaan Dey
M.Tech, Chemical Engineering
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University

INTRODUCTION

The range of products from distilleries


include industrial alcohols, rectified
spirit, absolute alcohol, beverage
alcohol, etc.
All the products are obtained through
the biochemical process of
fermentation by yeast, using
carbohydrates as raw materials.
All the products contain ethyl alcohol in
different proportions

ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF


BREWERIES WASTES

Making of beer essentially consists of 2 stages:


1.Preparation of malt from grains like barley.
2.Brewing the barley.
The malt from the malt house is then
transported to the brewing section, where
wort, the medium of fermentation is
prepared.
Characteristically, the brewery waste contains a
large amount organic soluble solids indicated by
a high BOD in the order of 400-800 mg/L and
low suspended solids concentration.

COMPOSITION OF MALT HOUSE AND COMBINED


BREWERY WASTE
Malt House
Waste

Brewery Waste

pH

6.9 9.5

4.0 7.0

COD (permanganate
value), mg/L

31 175

30 1225

BOD, mg/L

20 204

70 3000

Total Solids, mg/L

428 700

272 2724

Suspended Solids,
mg/L

22 39

16 516

Total Nitrogen (N),


mg/L

14 56

7 42

ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTILLERIES


WASTES

The beverage alcohol industries utilize


different grains, malted barley and
molasses as raw materials.
The preparation of mash consists of:
1. Preparation of green malt.
2. Preparation of cooked slurries of grains.
3. Mixing of above two followed by pH
adjustment, and nutrient (ammonium
salts and phosphates) supplementation.

In molasses distilleries, the preparation of


mash consists of:
1. Dilution by water to a sugar content of about
15%.
2. pH adjustment to 4.0 4.5 to prohibit bacterial
activities.
3. Nutrient addition.
The alcohol is stripped in a tower leaving a
spent wash which is the major polluting
component of the distilleries, and it is reported
to be 10 15 times the final product in volume.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITED COMBINED WASTE, SPENT WASH


& YEAST SLUDGE FROM DIFFERENT INDIAN DISTILLERIES

Yeast
Sludge

Combined
Waste

Spent
Wash

Spent Wash

4.8

3.9 4.3

3.5 3.65

4.0 4.5

90 95

COD, mg/L

368000

27900 73000

118000

70000
151200

BOD, mg/L

165000

12230 40000

41380

28000 80000

Total solids,
mg/L

16640 26000

99000

59100
114500

Suspended
Solids, mg/L

73000

4500 12000

350

1000

Total Nitrogen,
mg/L

1135

14800 19000

Alkalinity

380 510

Colour

Dark

Dark Brown

pH
Temperature,
o
C

ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WINERIES


WASTES

The wineries utilize the fruit juices as the


raw materials.
The first operation in any winery is the
pressing of fermenting juice from the fruits
like grape, mahua, etc.
The second stage in any winery consists of
fermentation of the juice.
In the third stage, i.e. in the brandy plant,
wine of either type or the fermentation
residue in the wine making is distilled to
obtain brandy.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED WASTES FROM


BREWERY, WINERY AND FOOD PROCESSING UNITS.
Temperature

20 29 oC

Colour

Brownish Yellow

pH

4.0

COD, mg/L

1800 3000

BOD, mg/L

1500 2000

Dissolved Solids, mg/L

6800 9400

Suspended Solids, mg/L

15 17

TREATMENT OF WASTES

Usually, the biological treatment is accomplished


by two stage process for 90 94% BOD reduction.
The yeast sludge from the distilleries which
contains very high suspended solids and BOD and
is rich in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, may
be released separately for by product recovery.
The raw spent wash with low pH, high dissolved
solids, high temperature, high sulphates, and high
BOD is not amenable to aerobic biological
treatment.

TREATMENT OF BREWERY WASTE

Both closed anaerobic digestion and


open anaerobic lagooning has been
tried in INDIA as a means of anaerobic
treatment.
For a BOD reduction of 90.8% a BOD
loading of 2.5 kg/m3/day and a
detention time of 15 days is suggested
by Subbarao et. al.
A digester with a BOD loading of 3.01
kg/m3/day, and operating in mesophilic
range with 10 days detention time was

WASTE TREATMENT IN A LARGE DISTILLERY COMPLEX

Production of H2S impairs the


anaerobic digestion, as soluble
sulphides are toxic to the micro
organisms.
About 90-95% BOD can be achieved in
a two stage anaerobic lagoon system.
BOD reduction of 85.5% with a
detention time of 60 days and a loading
rate of 0.67 kg of BOD/m3/day in the 1st
stage, and BOD reduction of 65.5%
with a detention time of 40 days and a

About 90% of BOD removal can be


accomplished in aerated lagoons with a
detention time of 20-28 days.
The same degree of treatment can be
achieved with 1:1 dilution at a
detention time of 15-16 days.
The BOD removal rate constant, K, for
the anaerobic lagoon effluent is found
to vary from 0.01 to 0.05/day; with 1:1
dilution BOD removal rate constant was
found to improve to 0.06-0.08/day.

Oxidation ditches with 50-60 hours


detention time and MLSS concentration
of 4000 mg/L are also claimed to
reduce the BOD of the anaerobic
treatment effluent by about 90%.
In a laboratory study, about 56.2%
reduction of BOD is obtained when the
distillery waste is used as the medium
for growing an adapted variety if yeast.

REFERENCES
1.

2.

Waste water treatment 3rd ed., by M.N.


Rao and A.K. Dutta, Oxford and IBH.
Environmental Engineering, by Peavy,
Rowy and Tchobanogolous, Mc Graw
Hills International Edition.

THANK YOU

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