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Archimedes Principle

Physics 202
Professor Lee
Carkner
Lecture 2

PAL #1 Fluids
Column of water to produce 1 atm of pressure
P = gh
P =
= 1000 kg/m3
g = 9.8 m/s2

h = P/g =
Double diameter, pressure does not change

On Mars pressure would decrease


Mars has smaller value of g

Archimedes Principle
What happens if you put an object in a fluid?

Called the buoyant force

If you measure the buoyant force and the


weight of the displaced fluid, you find:
An object in a fluid is supported by a buoyant
force equal to the weight of fluid it displaces

Applies to objects both floating and submerged

Will it Float?

Density

An object less dense than the


fluid will float
A floating object displaces fluid
equal to its weight

A sinking object displaces fluid


equal to its volume

Floating
How will an object float?

The volume of fluid displaced is proportional to the ratio of


the densities

Example: ice floating in water,


iVig=wVwg
Vw=Vi (i/w)
w = 1024 kg/m3 and i = 917 kg/m3

Ideal Fluids
Steady -Incompressible -- density is constant
Nonviscous -Irrotational -- constant velocity through
a cross section

The ideal fluid approximation is usually not


very good

Moving Fluids

What happens if the pipe narrows?

Av = constant
If the density is constant then,
Av= constant = R = volume flow rate

Constricting a flow increases its velocity


Because the amount of fluid going in must equal the
amount of fluid going out
Or, a big slow flow moves as much mass as a small fast flow

Continuity
R=Av=constant is called the equation of
continuity

You can use it to determine the flow


rates of a system of pipes

Cant lose or gain any material

The Prancing Fluids

How can we keep track of it all?


The laws of physics must be obeyed

Neither energy nor matter can be


created or destroyed

Bernoullis Equation

Consider a pipe that bends up and gets wider


at the far end with fluid being forced through it

Wg = -mg(y2-y1) = -gV(y2-y1)
The work of the system due to pressure is,
Wp=Fd=pAd=pV=-(p2-p1)V

(1/2mv2)=1/2V(v22-v12)

p1+(1/2)v12+gy1=p2+(1/2)v22+gy2

Consequences of
Bernoullis

Fast moving fluids exert less


pressure than slow moving fluids
This is known as Bernoullis
principle

Energy that goes into velocity cannot


go into pressure
Note that Bernoulli only holds for
moving fluids

Bernoulli in Action
Blowing between two
pieces of paper

Convertible top bulging


out
Airplanes taking off into
the wind

Lift

If the velocity of the flow is less on the


bottom than on top there is a net pressure
on the bottom and thus a net force pushing
up

If you can somehow get air to flow over


an object to produce lift, what happens?

Deriving Lift

Use Bernoullis equation:


pt+1/2vt2=pb+1/2vb2
The difference in pressure is:
pb-pt=1/2vt2-1/2vb2

(Fb/A)-(Ft/A)=1/2(vt2-vb2)

L= ()A(vt2-vb2)

Next Time
Read: 15.1-15.3
Homework: Ch 14, P: 37, 42, 47,
Ch 15, P: 6, 7

Which of the following would


decrease the pressure you
exert on the floor the most?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Doubling your mass


Doubling the mass of the earth
Doubling your height
Doubling the size of your
shoes
e) Doubling air pressure

Which of the following would


increase the pressure of a
column of fluid of fixed mass
a)
theDoubling
most? the width of the column
b) Halving the density of the fluid
c) Halving the mass of the Earth
d) Halving the speed of the Earths
rotation
e) Doubling the height of the
column

Summary: Fluid Basics


Density ==m/V
Pressure=p=F/A
On Earth the atmosphere exerts a
pressure and gravity causes columns of
fluid to exert pressure
Pressure of column of fluid:
p=p0+gh
For fluid of uniform density, pressure
only depends on height

Summary: Pascal and


Archimedes

Pascal -- pressure on one part of fluid is


transmitted to every other part
Hydraulic lever -- A small force applied for
a large distance can be transformed into a
large force over a short distance
Fo=Fi(Ao/Ai) and do=di(Ai/Ao)
Archimedes -- An object is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of the fluid it
displaces
Must be less dense than fluid to float

Summary: Moving Fluids


Continuity -- the volume flow rate
(R=Av) is a constant
fluid moving into a narrower pipe
speeds up

Bernoulli
p1+1/2v12+gy1=p2+1/2v22+gy2
Slow moving fluids exert more
pressure than fast moving fluids

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