Theory of Architecture

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NEEDS OF MAN
- Physical Needs
- Emotional Needs
- Intellectual Needs
INFLUENCE OF NATURE
- Geographical
-Topographical
-Climate
INFLUENCE OF MAN
- Social Conditions
- Economic Conditions
- Technological Conditions
www.philippines-travel-guide.com
www.skyscrapercity.com
Source: Arch. Augusto VIllalon
ACTIVITIES OF MAN
- Desire for Preservation
- Desire for Recognition
- Desire for Response
- Desire for Self-expression
- Desire for Self-actualization
www.philippines-travel-guide.com
www.skyscrapercity.com
Source: Arch. Augusto VIllalon
PRINCIPLES OF ART
(Principles of Composition)
Movement
Unity
Variety
Balance
Emphasis
Contrast
Proportion
Pattern/Rhythm
ELEMENTS OF ART
Space
Value
Shape
Form
Texture
Color
INVISIBLE AND VISIBLE STRUCTURE

- Form, Mass & Volume
Arrangement of Volume
Primary Shapes
Regular and Irregular Forms
Transformation of Forms
Articulation of Forms
RED
YELLOW
rage of passion, health and vitality, etc

gayety, stimulating cheering to the lazy,
upsetting to the nervous
ORANGE
has stimulating effect (small amounts)
BROWN
restful and warming but should be
combined with orange
GRAY
cold, depressing unless combined with
warm colors
WHITE
cheerful, pure and clean
PURPLE
sedative and soothing, suggest melancholy
atmosphere, cowardliness, cheapness
BLUEpeaceful and tranquil
GREEN
has cooling quality and act as sedative
AXIAL ARRANGEMENT
EMPHASIS
SECONDARY PRINCIPLES
- Repetition
- Transition
- Alternation
- Transformation
SPATIAL PERCEPTION
VISUAL AND OPTICAL ILLUSIONS
PERCEPTION OF SPACE DEPTH AND
DISTANCE
CONCEPT FOR CONTEXT GETTING

PROCESS OF CONCEPT GETTING
HORIZONTAL DISPOSITION
PRINCIPLES RELATED TO FUNCTION
THE SYSTEM OF SPACE

www.dkimages.com
Man orients to objects that is, he

adapts
psychologically
and
technologically to physical things,
he interacts with other people, and
he grasp the abstract realities, or
meaning which are transmitted
through various languages created
for the purpose of communication.
people.clarkson.edu
Sources: Architectural Theories of Design by George Salvan; A home in the World by Martine
and Caroline Laffon and Forms, Space and Order by Francis DK CHing.
www.axp.mdx.ac.uk/~luke3/pho
to1/casabere.html
THE SYSTEM OF SPACE

www.dkimages.com
Man has created space to express

the structure of his world. We may
call this creation expressive or
artistic space. Expressive space
needs a concept which systematizes
its possible property this property
is aesthetic!
www.axiidesigns.com
www.treas.gov
THE SYSTEM OF SPACE

As a rejoinder to mans spatial
needs as a result of oriented actions
towards objects and as dictated by
desires for self- preservation, selfactualization, response, recognition,
and self expression; a process
known as space planning which aims
to concretize mans existential
space evolved.
www.thewoombie.com
japanhouses.net
www.flickr.com
THE SYSTEM OF SPACE

Architectural space is defined as a
concretization of mans existential
space. It has to adopt itself to the
needs of organic action as well as
facilitating
orientation
through
perception.
Architectural space basically

depicts humanity and
suggests cultural identity.
www.healthyhomeplans.com
What is a SPACE?
Space is the extent within which matter
is physically extended and objects and
events have positions relative to one
another .
www.living-spaces.co.za
(source: Encyclopedia Britannica which was adopted by

wikipedia.com)
The infinite extension of the threedimensional region in which all matter

exists.
(Source: Webster Dictionary)
www.propertynetasia.com.my
What is a SPACE?
An area provided for a particular
purpose.
www.living-spaces.co.za
(from unknown source)
A blank or empty area.

(Common definition)
www.propertynetasia.com.my
The area between things or inside of

something.
(Source: Word Tutor)
TWO DISTINCT TERMINOLOGIES

- PHYSICAL SPACE
- ARCHITECTURAL SPACE
The difference of the architecture of the past

and that of today is profound and significant it is the
result of new approaches in design made possible by
social conditions and advances in technological
conditions.
There was no freedom in planning since the
designers only think of superficial details. Buildings
then were inflexible.
The designers began and ended with a study of

the external style, columns, doors, windows.
The process of design then is a complete
reverse of the present. Formerly, we regarded
buildings as piles of masonry for the purpose of
separating man from space.
Design begins with a study of fundamental

principles of planning based upon the needs of people
and the resultant architectural forms.
Architecture is no longer bound to tradition or
style.
Architecture is space, conditioned to suit

human needs. It is enclosed with opaque or
translucent and transparent materials in a manner
that man may exist comfortably in it but may be
spared the oppressiveness of heavy, confining walls.
The principles of space organization

for architectural purposes are concerned
with:
1. The use of space (utility and function) to serve
the occupants.
2. The collaboration of materials
permanence and security.
(strength)
3. The contributions of aesthetics (beauty) in

architecture.
The decision as to what type of

organization to use in a specific situation
will depend on:
1. The demands of the building program such as
functional proximities, hierarchy of spaces,
and requirements for access, light or view.
2. Exterior conditions of the site that might limit
the organizations form or growth, or that
might encourage the organization to address
certain features of its site and turn away from
others.
SIMPLE PROGRESSION
PREPARATION- SURPRISE
CONSTRICTION-RELIEF
PLAN
1. Contained space may have

different shape from the host
space.
2. Contained space may not be
centrally located.
3. Contained space may take the
shape of the host but may be
oriented in different manner
PLANS
PLAN
1. The interlocking portion of the two

volumes can be shared by each
space.
2. The interlocking portion can be
merge with one of the spaces and
become integral part of its volume.
3. The interlocking portion can serve
as a distinct space and may link the
two interlocking volume.
PLANS
PLANS
1. Adjacent spaces may have

limited visual or direct
access as reinforcement of
individuality or
differences.
FOUR POSSIBILITIES OF SEPARATING PLANES
2. Adjacent spaces may

be separated by a
free standing plane.
3. Adjacent spaces may just

be separated by row of
columns, by ceiling
drapery and even by
imposing difference
between texture quality.
4. Adjacent spaces may

be separated simply
by surface
articulation.
LINKING SPACE
PLAN
PLAN
Sources of Most of Illustrations, Figures and Photos of this Presentation: http://images.google.com.ph/images
KINESTHETIC
- the sensation of
movement or strain
in muscles, tendons
or joints,
Early JAPANESE GARDEN

designer understood the
interrelationship between the
kinesthetic experience of
space and the visual
experience.
Lacking wide-open spaces, and living
close together as they do, the Japanese
learned to make the most of small
spaces.
During the Heian period (794-1185), gardens shifted from

solely representing religious beliefs to becoming, "a place
for ceremonies, amusement, and contemplation" (Miller).
Japanese are ingenious in stretching

visual space by exaggerating
kinesthetic involvement.
MOVEMENT THROUGH SPACE

The circulation path can be
conceived as the perceptual thread
that links the spaces of a building, or
any series of interior spaces, together.
1. BUILDING APPROACH
2. BUILDING ENTRANCE
3. CONFIGURATION OF
PATH
(OCCUPANTS
CONVEYOR AND CIRCULATION SPACES)
4. PATH-SPACE
RELATIONSHIP
SPACE CONNECTOR)
5. PURVEYORS PATH
(CONVEYOR-
1. FRONTAL APPROACH
- may lead directly to a building or can be the entire front
facade of a building or an elaborate entrance within it.
2. OBLIQUE APPROACH
- enhances the effect of perspective
it is being done to
delay the sequence of approach
3. SPIRAL APPROACH
-prolongs the sequence of approach and emphasize the three
dimensions of the building.
1. FLUSH
- maintains the continuity of wall surface
2. PROJECTED
- providing shelter to the approach
3. RECESSED
- also provides shelter and at the same time receive a portion
of exterior space into the realm of the building
FLUSH
NATURE OF PATHS CONFIGURATION IS INFLUENCED BY

ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN IT COULD BE:
A circulation space may be

enclosed, open on one side, and
even open on both sides
STUDY OF MEANING
The study of meaning is called
SEMANTICS, which is usually thought
as the meanings of words.
ARCHITECTURAL SEMANTICS
=
ARCHITECTURAL MEANING OR SYMBOLISMS
Meaning is not only the first mental entity to come

into consciousness, but that is also the entity
which commonly inspire creative works.
PERCEPTION
SIGN
- INDEXICAL SIGN (INDEX) there is existential relation
between signifier and signified
- ICONIC SIGN concern a different set of relations between
signifier and signified although, there is always present
existential and indexical relationship.
- SYMBOLIC SIGN where conventional relation between
signifier and signified
Ching, Francis DK. A visual dictionary of architecture.

New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold/ Wiley, 1995.
Ching, Francis DK. Forms, space and order. New York:
Wiley, 2000
Farrelly, Lorraine. The Fundamentals of architecture.
Switzerland : AVA Pub., c2007.
Salvan, George. Architectural theories of design :
Manila : GoodwillPublications, 2000.

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blog.renderings.

Source: Arch. Augusto VIllalon

Source: Arch. Augusto VIllalon

INVISIBLE AND VISIBLE STRUCTURE

rage of passion, health and vitality, etc

CONCEPT FOR CONTEXT GETTING

THE SYSTEM OF SPACE

Man orients to objects that is, he

THE SYSTEM OF SPACE

Man has created space to express

THE SYSTEM OF SPACE

THE SYSTEM OF SPACE

Architectural space basically

(source: Encyclopedia Britannica which was adopted by

The infinite extension of the threedimensional region in which all matter

(from unknown source)

A blank or empty area.

The area between things or inside of

TWO DISTINCT TERMINOLOGIES

The difference of the architecture of the past

The designers began and ended with a study of

Design begins with a study of fundamental

Architecture is space, conditioned to suit

The principles of space organization

3. The contributions of aesthetics (beauty) in

The decision as to what type of

1. Contained space may have

1. The interlocking portion of the two

1. Adjacent spaces may have

FOUR POSSIBILITIES OF SEPARATING PLANES

2. Adjacent spaces may

FOUR POSSIBILITIES OF SEPARATING PLANES

3. Adjacent spaces may just

FOUR POSSIBILITIES OF SEPARATING PLANES

4. Adjacent spaces may

FOUR POSSIBILITIES OF SEPARATING PLANES

Sources of Most of Illustrations, Figures and Photos of this Presentation: http://images.google.com.ph/images

Early JAPANESE GARDEN

During the Heian period (794-1185), gardens shifted from

Japanese are ingenious in stretching

Sources of Most of Illustrations, Figures and Photos of this Presentation: http://images.google.com.ph/images

MOVEMENT THROUGH SPACE

CONVEYOR AND CIRCULATION SPACES)

delay the sequence of approach

NATURE OF PATHS CONFIGURATION IS INFLUENCED BY

A circulation space may be

Sources of Most of Illustrations, Figures and Photos of this Presentation: http://images.google.com.ph/images

Meaning is not only the first mental entity to come

Ching, Francis DK. A visual dictionary of architecture.

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