Professional Documents
Culture Documents
09/05/15
Digital Microwave
Communication
Principles
www.huawei.com
Huawei Confidential
Foreword
Page 2
Learning Guide
Page 3
Objectives
Anti-fading technologies
Page 4
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 5
Transmission Methods
in Current Communications
Networks
Coaxial cable communication
Microwave
communication
Microwave TE
Microwave TE
MUX/DEMUX
MUX/DEMUX
Satellite communication
Page 6
Microwave Communication
vs. Optical Fiber
Microwave
Optical Fiber
Communication
Communication
Communication
Page 7
Definition of Microwave
Microwave
Page 8
Transmissio
n capacity
bit/s/ch)
SDH digital
microwave
communication
system
34/140M
2/4/6/8M
480 voice
channels
Analog microwave
communication
system
PDH digital
microwave
communication
system
Late 1990s to now
1980s
1970s
1950s
Note:
Small capacity: < 10M
Medium capacity: 10M to 100M
Large capacity: > 100M
Page 9
Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication
Page 10
1.5
2.5 GHz
GHz
Regional network
3.3 GHz Long haul
trunk
network
2/8/34
Mbit/s
11 GHz
34/140/155
Mbit/s
2/8/34/140/155
Mbit/s
1
1
0
2
0
3
0
Page 11
GHz
4
0
5
0
Frequency range
Low frequency
band
f0 (center frequency)
High frequency
band
T/R spacing
Protectio
n
spacing
T/R spacing
Channe
l
spacing
f1
f2
fn
Adjacent
channel T/R
spacing
Channel
spacing
f1
f2
fn
Page 12
f0 (7575M)
28M
f1=7442
7G
f5
f2=7470
F0 (MHz)
f1=7596
f2
T/R Spacing
Channel
Primary and
(MHz)
Spacing (MHz)
Non-primary
Frequency
Range
74257725
f5
Stations
Fn=f0-161+28n,
7575
154
28
Fn=f0- 7+28n,
(n: 15)
7575
161
7275
196
28
7597
196
28
72507550
7400
161
3.5
71107750
Page 13
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (1)
Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal. The
Channel bandwidth
Baseband signal
rate
Modulati
on
IF signal
Service
signal
transmitted
Page 14
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (2)
A*COS(Wc*t+)
Amplitud
e
Frequenc
y
Phase
ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier amplitude (A). Wc and remain unchanged.
FSK: Frequency Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier frequency (Wc). A and remain unchanged.
PSK: Phase Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier phase (). Wc and A remain unchanged.
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. ). Use the digital baseband signal
to change the carrier phase () and amplitude (A). Wc remains unchanged.
Page 15
RFCOH
171.072 Mbit/s
15.552 Mbit/s
RFCOH
Payload
MLCM
DMY
XPIC
ATPC
WS
RSC
11.84
64
16
64
2.24
864
Mbit/s
kbit/s kbit/s kbit/s
Mbit/s
kbit/s
RFCOH: Radio Frame Complementary Overhead
RSC: Radio Service Channel
MLCM: Multi-Level Coding Modulation
INI: N:1 switching command
DMY: Dummy
ID: Identifier
XPIC: Cross-polarization Interference Cancellation
FA: Frame Alignment
ATPC: Automatic Transmit Power Control
WS: Wayside Service
INI
ID
FA
144 32 kbit/s 288
kbit/s
kbit/s
Page 16
6 bits
FS
FS
Basic frame 1
bits
Basic frame 2
1776 bits (148 words)
bits
C2
C2
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
Page 17
Questions
What is microwave?
Page 18
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 19
Digital microwave
System
MUX/DEMU
X Mode
PDH
SDH
Capacity
Large capacity
(STM-0, STM-1, 2xSTM1)
(Discontinued)
Trunk radio
Structure
Split-mount radio
All outdoor radio
Page 20
P
M1
SCSU: Supervision,
Control and Switching
Unit
M2
SDH microwave
equipment
BBIU: Baseband
Interface Unit
(option) (STM-1
optical interface, C4
PDH interface)
Page 21
RF processing unit
IF cable
Installation is
easy.
IF and baseband
processing unit
The equipment
room can be
saved.
Page 22
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
(1)
The RF unit is an outdoor unit
Antenna
IF cable
ODU
(Outdoor
Unit)
IDU
(Indoor Unit)
Split-mount
microwave equipment
equipment.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 23
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment (2)
Unit Functions
Page 24
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Direct
Separate
Installation
Mount
Mount
antenna
(direct mount)
antenna
(separate
mount)
ODU
Soft
waveguide
IF cable
IF cable
OD
U
IDU
IF port
IF port
IDU
Page 25
Parabolic antenna
Cassegrainian antenna
antennas.
Microwave antenna diameters includes: 0.3m, 0.6m, 1.2m, 1.8m,2.0m, 2.4m, 3.0m,
3.2metc.
Page 26
T
x
R
x
T
x
R
Chann
el
1
Chann
el
1
Page 27
Side view
Main lobe
Tail lobe
Side lobe
Half-power angle
Top view
Main lobe
Tail lobe
Page 28
AGC
Voltage
detection
point
VAGC
Angle
Page 29
Wrong
Wrong
Page 30
Correct
Definition: Ratio of the input power of an isotropic antenna Pio to the input power
of a parabolic antenna Pi when the electric field at a point is the same for the
isotropic antenna and the parabolic antenna.
Half-power angle
Usually, the given antenna specifications contain the gain in the largest radiation
(main lobe) direction, denoted by dBi. The half-power point, or the 3 dB point is
the point which is deviated from the central line of the main lobe and where the
power is decreased by half. The angle between the two half-power points is called
the half-power angle.
Half-power angle
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 31
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Cross polarization discrimination
Antenna
(2)
Suppression ratio of the antenna receiving heteropolarizing waves, usually, larger
than 30 dB.
XdB 10lgPo/Px
Page 32
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
ODU (1) ODU system architecture
IF
amplificat
ion
Frequency
mixing
Sideband
filtering
Local
oscillation
(Tx)
ATPC
Local
oscillation
(Rx)
Supervi
sion and
control
signal
IF
amplification
Filtering
Frequency
mixing
RF
attenuation
Power
amplification
Power
detection
RF loop
Low-noise
amplification
Bandpass
filtering
Page 33
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Specifications
ODU (2) of Transmitter
Generally, trunk radios use 6, 7, and 8 GHz frequency bands. 11, 13 GHz and
higher frequency bands are used in the access layer (e.g. BTS access).
Output power
The power at the output port of a transmitter. Generally, the output power is
15 to
30 dBm.
Page 34
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
frequency
Local
ODU
(3)stability
Page 35
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Specifications of Receiver
ODU
(4)
Working frequency band
Noise figure
Page 36
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Passband
ODU
(5)
To effectively suppress interference and achieve the best transmission quality, the
Selectivity
Automatic control of receiver gain. With this function, input RF signals change
within a
certain range and the IF signal level remains unchanges.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 37
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
ODU (6)Frequency range (7425M7725M)
T/R spacing: 154M
Subband
A
7442
Subband
B
f0(7575M)
Subband
C
Subband
A
Subband
B
Subband
C
7498
Non-primary station
Primary station
Types of ODUs =
Number of frequency
bands x Number of T/R
spacing x Number of
subbands x 2
(ODUs of some
manufacturers are also
classified by capacity.
Page 38
Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
IDU
Service
channel
Tributary
unit
Microwave
frame
demultiplexi
ng
Modula
tion
Demod
ulation
Tx IF
Rx IF
Line unit
O&M
interface
Power
interface
Service
channel
Supervision and control
DC/DC conversion
Page 39
Cable interface
Crossconne
ction
Microwave
frame
multiplexi
ng
IF unit
From/to ODU
Questio
ns
Page 40
Summary
Page 41
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 42
Chain network
Add/Drop
network
Hub network
Page 43
Add/Drop
relay
station
Relay
station
Terminal
station
Terminal
station
Pivotal
station
Terminal
station
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 44
Passive
Back-to-back antenna
Plane reflector
Relay station
Active
Regenerative repeater
IF repeater
RF repeater
Page 45
Page 46
Page 47
d1(km)
d 2(km)
a A cos 2
a is the effective area (m2) of the flat reflector.
Page 48
Page 49
BTS backhaul
transmission
Complementary
networks to optical
networks (access
the services from
the last 1 km)
Special transmission
conditions (rivers,
lakes, islands, etc.)
Microwave
application
Redundancy
backup of
important links
VIP customer
access
Emergency
communications
(conventions,
activities, danger
elimination, disaster
relief, etc.)
Page 50
Questio
ns
What are the networking modes frequently used for digital
microwave?
Page 51
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 52
Contents
4.
Page 53
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (1)
Fresnel zone: The sum of the distance from P to T and the distance
Fresnel zone radius: The vertical distance from P to the TR line in the
Page 54
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (2)
Formula of the first Fresnel zone radius:
F1
17.32
d1 (km) d 2 (km)
f (GHz ) d (km)
The first Fresnel zone is the region where the microwave transmission
Page 55
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (3)
Clearance
M
h3
h1
hc
hp
h5
hs
h4
h6
d1
h2
d2
d
Along the microwave propagation trail, the obstruction from buildings, trees,
The vertical distance from the obstacle to AB line segment is called the
clearance of the obstacle on the trail. For convenience, the vertical distance hc
from the obstacle to the ground surface is used to represent the clearance. In
practice, the error is not big because the line segment AB is approximately
parallel to the ground surface. If the first Fresnel zone radius of the obstacle is
F1, then
hc/ Huawei
F1 is the
relative clearance.
Copyright
2006
Technologies
Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 56
received level.
Straight line
Reflection
Straight line
Reflection
Smooth ground or water surface can reflect the part of the signal energy transmitted
by the antenna to the receiving antenna and cause interference to the main wave
(direct wave). The vector sum of the reflected wave and main wave increases or
decreases the composite wave. As a result, the transmission becomes unstable.
Therefore, when doing microwave link design, avoid reflected waves as much as
possible. If reflection is inevitable, make use of the terrain ups and downs to block the
reflected waves.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 57
on electric wave propagation. Terrains are classified into the following four
types:
Type A: mountains (or cities with dense buildings)
Type C: plain
mountain terrain is most suitable for microwave transmission. The hill terrain
is less suitable. When designing circuits, try to avoid smooth plane such as
water surface.
Page 58
Absorption and scattering caused by rain, fog, and snow. This type
Page 59
Contents
4.
Page 60
Fading
time
Fading
mechanis
m
Receive
d level
Frequency selective
fading
Page 61
Flat fading
Down fading
Up fading
Slow fading
Fast fading
K-type fading
Scintillation
fading
Rain fading
Absorption fading
Influence of
fading on
signal
d
GTX
GRX
Power level
PTX = Transmit
power
PRX = Receive
power
G = Antenna gain
A0 = Free space loss
M = Fading margin
G
A0
PTX
PRX
G
M
Receiving threshold
Distance
Page 62
Absorption Fading
GHz is smaller than 0.1 dB/km. Compared with free space loss, the
absorption loss can be ignored.
10dB
1dB
0.1dB
0.01dB
60GHz
23GHz
12GHz
7.5GHz
1GHz
Page 63
Rain Fading
For frequencies lower than 10 GHz, rain loss can be ignored. Only a few
affected by rain loss. For example, for the 13 GHz frequency or higher, 100
mm/h rainfall causes a loss of 5 dB/km. Hence, for the 13 GHz and 15 GHz
frequencies, the maximum relay distance is about 10 km. For the 20 GHz
frequency and higher, the relay distance is limited in few kilometres due to
rain loss.
higher the frequency band is, the more severe the rain fading.
Page 64
Atmosphere refraction
Re
Page 65
Microwave propagation
k = 1: No refraction
Page 66
k=
4/3
1
2/3
Ground surface
2/3
1
4/3
k=
Ground surface
Page 67
Down fading: fading where the composite wave level is lower than
the free space received level. Up fading: fading where the composite
wave level is higher than the free space received level.
Non-uniform
atmosphere
Water surface
Smooth ground
surface.
Ground
surface
Page 68
Multipath fading grows more severe when the wave passes water surface
or smooth ground surface. Therefore, when designing the route, try to avoid
smooth water and ground surface. When these terrains are inevitable, use
the high and low antenna technologies to bring the reflection point closer to
one end so as to reduce the impact of the reflected wave, or use the high
and low antennas and space diversity technologies or the antennas that are
against reflected waves to overcome multipath fading.
Page 69
Multipath Fading
Frequency Selective Fading
Flat
Selective fading
Normal
Frequency (MHz)
Page 70
Received
level in free
space
Threshold level
(-30 dB)
1h
Signal
interruption
Page 71
Page 72
Scintillation Fading
When the dielectric constant of local atmosphere is different from the
ambient due to the particle clusters formed under different pressure,
temperature, and humidity conditions, scattering occurs to the electric wave.
This is called scintillation fading. The amplitude and phase of different
scattered waves vary with the atmosphere. As a result, the composite field
strength at the receiving point changes randomly.
Scintillation fading is a type of fast fading which lasts a short time. The level
changes little and the main wave is barely affected. Scintillation fading will
not cause communications interruption.
Scintillation
fading
Page 73
Summary
The higher the frequency is and the longer the hop distance is, the more
severe the fading is.
Fading is more severe along water route than land route, because both the
reflection coefficient of water surface and the atmosphere refraction
coefficient above water surface are bigger.
Fading is more severe along plain route than mountain route, because
atmosphere subdivision often occurs over plain and the ground reflection
factor of the plain is bigger.
Page 74
Contents
4.
Page 75
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (1)
Category
Adaptive equalization
Equipment
Automatic transmit power
level
control (ATPC)
countermeasu
re
Forward error correction
(FEC)
System level
countermeasu
re
Diversity receiving
technology
Effect
Waveform distortion
Power reduction
Power reduction
Power reduction and
waveform distortion
Page 76
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (2)
Multipath fading
Signal frequency
spectrum
Slope equalization
Frequency spectrum
after equalization
Page 77
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (3)
Time domain equalization
T
C-n
C0
T
Cn
After
Before
-2Ts
-Ts
Ts
-2Ts
-Ts
Page 78
Ts
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (4)
Transmitte
r
ATPC
Demodulat
or
Receiver
Receiver
Demodulat
or
ATPC
Transmitter
Page 79
Modulato
r
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (5)
The time rate of severe propagation fading is usually small (<1%). After
ATPC is configured, the transmitter works at a power 10 to 15 dB lower than
the nominal power for over 99% of the time. In this way, adjacent channel
interference and power consumption can be reduced.
Effects
of ATPC:
Reduces
the interference to
adjacent systems and over-reach
interference
Reduces up fading
Improves residual BER
Page 80
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (6)
High level
-35
-45
Low level
21
-55
ATPC dynamic range
-72
31
45
75
85
102
Page 81
-25
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (7)
Cross-polarization interference
cancellation (XPIC)
In microwave transmission,
680MHz
30MH
z
340MHz
80MHz
60MHz
2
8 1
Electric field
direction
interference compensation
technology must be used.
H (V)
V (H)
680 MHz
30MH
z
80MHz
60MHz
1
2
3
340MH
z
4
V
(H)
Horizontal
polarization
Vertical polarization
Shape of waveguide interface
H
(V)
1X
2X
3X
4X 5X
6X
7X
8X
1X
8X
2X
3X'
4X
5X 6X
7X
Page 82
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (8)
Diversity technologies
For diversity, two or multiple transmission paths are used to transmit the same
information and the receiver output signals are selected or composed, to reduce the
effect of fading.
Diversity has the following types, space diversity, frequency diversity, polarization
diversity, and angle diversity.
Space diversity and frequency diversity are more frequently used. Space diversity
is economical and has a good effect. Frequency diversity is often applied to multichannel systems as it requires a wide bandwidth. Usually, the system that has one
standby channel is configured with frequency diversity.
f1
H
f2
Page 83
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (9)
Frequency diversity
Page 84
Anti-fading Technologies
for
Digital
Microwave System
Space
diversity
Signals have different multipath effect over different paths and thus have
(10)
different fading characteristics. Accordingly, two or more suites of antennas at
different altitude levels to receive the signals at the same frequency which are
composed or selected. This work mode is called space diversity. If there are n
pairs of antennas, it is called n-fold diversity.
f1
Page 85
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
Dh calculation in space diversity
Rx
(11)
nl
l/2
Tx
Dh
h1
(nl l/2)d
Dh =
2h
l: wavelength
1
d: path distance
h1: height of the antenna at the transmit end
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 86
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (12)
Method I: Make use of some terrain and ground objects to block reflected
waves.
Page 87
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
(13)
Method II: high and low antennas
Page 88
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (1)
Hybrid coupler
Page 89
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (2)
When the fault or fading occurs in the active channel, the signal is switched
to the standby channel. The channel backup is an inter-frequency backup.
This protection mode (FD) is mainly used in the all indoor microwave
equipment.
ch1
ch2
ch3
M1
M2
M1
M2
M3
M3
ch1
ch2
ch3
chP
chP
Switching
control unit
RFSOH
Switching
control unit
Page 90
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (3)
Configurati
on
Protection Mode
Remark
s
Application
Terminal of the
network
1+0
NP
Non-protection
1+1
FD
Channel protection
1+1
SD
Equipment protection
Intraand channel
frequency
protection
1+1
FD+SD
Equipment protection
Interand channel
frequency
protection
N+1
FD
Equipment protection
Interand channel
frequency
protection
Interfrequency
Large-capacity
backbone network
Page 91
Questions
Page 92
Summary
Anti-fading technologies
Page 93
Content
s
Page 94
Contents
5.
Page 95
Transmission clearance
Page 96
Requirement on a Microwave
Transmission Line
Because the microwave is a short wave and has weak ability of
diffraction, the normal communication can be realized in the line-of-sight
transmission without obstacles.
Line propagation
Irradiated wave
Antenna
Page 97
Requirement on a Microwave
Transmission Line
In the microwave transmission, the transmit power is very small, only the
antenna in the accurate direction can realize the communication. For the
communication of long distance, use the antenna of greater diameter or
increase the transmit power.
3 dB
Page 98
k = 4/3
Page 99
The knife-edged obstacle blocks partial of the Fresnel zone. This also
Diff
rac
t
ion
Page 100
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
-28
-2.5-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.5 0 0.51.0 1.52.02.5 HC/F1
Loss caused by block of knife-edged obstacle
Page 101
h1d 2 h2 d1
hc
hb hs
d
The value of clearance
is required greater than
that of the first Fresnel
Zones radius.
hb
hc
h2
h1
hs
d1
hb
d1d 2
hb 0.0785
K
Page 102
d2
field strength fading factor V is introduced. The field strength fading factor V
is defined as the ratio of the combined field strength when the irradiated
wave and the reflected wave arrive at the receive point to the field strength
when the irradiated wave arrives at the receive point in the free space
transmission.
wave
hce
E
2
V
1 2 cos
E0
F1
arrive
at the receive
point
: Field
strength
when the
irradiated wave arrives at the
E
0 point in
received
the free space transmission
: Equivalent ground reflection factor
Page 103
can be
V dB
H0 = 0.577F 1 = (d1d2/d)1/2
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 104
In the case that is not greater than 0.5, that is, for the circuit that
passes the area of small ground reflection factor like the mountainous
area, city, and hilly area, to avoid over great diffraction, the height of
the antenna should be adjusted according to the following
requirements:
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-shaped obstacles)
Page 105
In the case that is greater than 0.7, that is, for the circuit that passes
the area of great ground reflection factor like the plain area and water
reticulation area, to avoid over great reflection fading, the height of the
antenna should be adjusted according to the following requirements
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-edged obstacles)
When K = 4/3, HC F1
When K = , HC 1.35F1 (The deep fading occurs when HC = 21/2
F1.)
or the route.
Page 106
Page 107
The line should go along with the railway, road and other areas
with the convenient transportation.
Page 108
f1
f1
f2
f2
f2
Over-reach
interference
Page 109
Page 110
Calculate the terrain parameters when the route and the site are
already determined.
When the margin of the line index is eligible, plan the equipment
and frequencies, make the approximate budget, and deliver the
construction chart.
Input
There is special
network planning
software, and the
commonly used is CTE
Pathloss.
Input
Page 111
Questions
Page 112
Thank you
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