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Security Level:INTERNA

09/05/15

Digital Microwave
Communication
Principles
www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Huawei Confidential

Foreword

This course is developed to meet the requirement of Huawei


Optical Network RTN microwave products.

This course informs engineers of the basics on digital microwave


communications, which will pave the way for learning the RTN
series microwave products later.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 2

Learning Guide

Microwave communication is developed on the basis of the


electromagnetic field theory.
Therefore, before learning this course, you are supposed to have
mastered the following knowledge:

Network communications technology basics

Electromagnetic field basic theory

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 3

Objectives

After this course, you will be able to explain:

Concept and characteristics of digital microwave communications

Functions and principles of each component of digital microwave


equipment

Common networking modes and application scenarios of digital


microwave equipment

Propagation principles of digital microwave communication and


various types of fading

Anti-fading technologies

Procedure and key points in designing microwave transmission


link

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 4

Contents
1.

Digital Microwave Communication Overview

2.

Digital Microwave Communication Equipment

3.

Digital Microwave Networking and Application

4.

Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies

5.

Designing Microwave Transmission Links

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 5

Transmission Methods
in Current Communications
Networks
Coaxial cable communication

Optical fiber communication

Microwave
communication

Microwave TE

Microwave TE

MUX/DEMUX

MUX/DEMUX

Satellite communication

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 6

Microwave Communication
vs. Optical Fiber
Microwave
Optical Fiber
Communication
Communication

Communication

Powerful space cross ability, little land


occupied, not limited by land privatization
Small investment, short construction
period, easy maintenance

Optical fiber burying and land


occupation required
Large investment ,long construction period

Strong protection ability against natural


disaster and easy to be recover

Outdoor optical fiber maintenance required


and hard to recover from natural disaster

Limited frequency resources (frequency


license required)

Not limited by frequency, license not


required

Transmission quality greatly affected by


climate and landform

Stable and reliable transmission quality


and not affected by external factors

Limited transmission capacity

Large transmission capacity

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 7

Definition of Microwave

Microwave

Microwave is a kind of electromagnetic wave. In a broad


sense, the microwave frequency range is from 300 MHz to
300 GHz. But In microwave communication, the frequency
range is generally from 3 GHz to 30 GHz.

According to the characteristics of microwave propagation,


microwave can be considered as plane wave.

The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field


longitudinal components along the propagation direction. The
electric field and magnetic field components are vertical to
the propagation direction. Therefore, it is called transverse
electromagnetic wave and TEM wave for short.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 8

Development of Microwave Communication


155M

Transmissio
n capacity
bit/s/ch)

SDH digital
microwave
communication
system

34/140M

2/4/6/8M

480 voice
channels

Analog microwave
communication
system

Small and medium


capacity digital
microwave
communication system

PDH digital
microwave
communication
system
Late 1990s to now

1980s
1970s

1950s
Note:
Small capacity: < 10M
Medium capacity: 10M to 100M
Large capacity: > 100M

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 9

Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication

Digital microwave communication is a way of transmitting digital


information in atmosphere through microwave or radio frequency (RF).

Microwave communication refers to the communication that use microwave as


carrier .

Digital microwave communication refers to the microwave communication that


adopts the digital modulation.

The baseband signal is modulated to intermediate frequency (IF) first . Then


the intermediate frequency is converted into the microwave frequency.

The baseband signal can also be modulated directly to microwave frequency,


but only phase shift keying (PSK) modulation method is applicable.

The electromagnetic field theory is the basis on which the microwave


communication theory is developed.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 10

Microwave Frequency Band


Selection and RF Channel
Configuration
(1)in digital microwave transmission:
Generally-used frequency bands

7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (defined by ITU-R Recommendations)

1.5
2.5 GHz
GHz
Regional network
3.3 GHz Long haul

trunk
network

2/8/34
Mbit/s

11 GHz

Regional network, local


network, and boundary
network

34/140/155
Mbit/s
2/8/34/140/155
Mbit/s
1

1
0

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2
0

3
0

Page 11

GHz
4
0

5
0

Microwave Frequency Band


Selection and RF Channel
In each frequency band, subband
Configuration
(2) frequency ranges, transmitting/receiving

spacing (T/R spacing), and channel spacing are defined.

Frequency range
Low frequency
band

f0 (center frequency)

High frequency
band

T/R spacing
Protectio
n
spacing

T/R spacing

Channe
l
spacing
f1

f2

fn

Adjacent
channel T/R
spacing

Channel
spacing
f1

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

f2

fn

Page 12

Microwave Frequency Band


Selection and RF Channel
Configuration (3)
Frequency range (7425M7725M)

T/R spacing: 154M

f0 (7575M)

28M

f1=7442

7G

f5

f2=7470

F0 (MHz)

f1=7596

f2

T/R Spacing

Channel

Primary and

(MHz)

Spacing (MHz)

Non-primary

Frequency
Range
74257725

f5

Stations
Fn=f0-161+28n,
7575

154

28

Fn=f0- 7+28n,
(n: 15)

7575

161

7275

196

28

7597

196

28

72507550

7400

161

3.5

71107750

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 13

Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (1)
Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal. The

baseband signal cannot be directly transmitted over microwave radio


channels and must be converted into carrier signal for microwave
transmission.

Channel bandwidth

Baseband signal
rate

Digital baseband signal

Modulati
on

IF signal

Service
signal
transmitted

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Page 14

Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (2)

The following formula indicates a digital baseband signal being converted


into a digital frequency band signal.

A*COS(Wc*t+)
Amplitud
e

Frequenc
y

Phase

PSK and QAM


are most
frequently used
in digital
microwave.

ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier amplitude (A). Wc and remain unchanged.
FSK: Frequency Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier frequency (Wc). A and remain unchanged.
PSK: Phase Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier phase (). Wc and A remain unchanged.
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. ). Use the digital baseband signal
to change the carrier phase () and amplitude (A). Wc remains unchanged.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 15

Microwave Frame Structure (1)

RFCOH
171.072 Mbit/s
15.552 Mbit/s
RFCOH

STM-1 155.52 Mbit/s


SOH

Payload

MLCM
DMY
XPIC
ATPC
WS
RSC
11.84
64
16
64
2.24
864
Mbit/s
kbit/s kbit/s kbit/s
Mbit/s
kbit/s
RFCOH: Radio Frame Complementary Overhead
RSC: Radio Service Channel
MLCM: Multi-Level Coding Modulation
INI: N:1 switching command
DMY: Dummy
ID: Identifier
XPIC: Cross-polarization Interference Cancellation
FA: Frame Alignment
ATPC: Automatic Transmit Power Control
WS: Wayside Service

INI
ID
FA
144 32 kbit/s 288
kbit/s
kbit/s

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 16

Microwave Frame Structure (2)

RFCOH is multiplexed into the STM-1 data and a block multiframe is


formed. Each multiframe has six rows and each row has 3564 bits. One
multiframe is composed of two basic frames. Each basic frame has 1776
bits. The remaining 12 bits are used for frame alignment.
Multiframe 3564 bits

6 bits

FS

FS

Basic frame 1

1776 bits 148 words

bits

Basic frame 2
1776 bits (148 words)

bits

C2

C2

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

C1

12 bits (the 1st word)

12 bits (the 148th word)

I: STM-1 information bit


C1/C2: Two-level correction coding monitoring bits
FS: Frame synchronization
a/b: Other complementary overheads
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 17

Questions

What is microwave?

What is digital microwave communication?

What are the frequently used digital microwave frequency


bands?

What concepts are involved in microwave frequency setting?

What are the frequently used modulation schemes? Which are


the most frequently used modulation schemes?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 18

Contents
1.

Digital Microwave Communication Overview

2.

Digital Microwave Communication Equipment

3.

Digital Microwave Networking and Application

4.

Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies

5.

Designing Microwave Transmission Links

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 19

Microwave Equipment Category


Analog
microwave

Digital microwave

System
MUX/DEMU
X Mode

PDH

SDH

Capacity

Small and medium


capacity (216E1,
34M)

Large capacity
(STM-0, STM-1, 2xSTM1)
(Discontinued)

Trunk radio
Structure

Split-mount radio
All outdoor radio

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 20

Trunk Microwave Equipment


High cost, large
transmission
capacity, more
stable performance,
applicable to long
haul and trunk
transmission

MSTU: Main Signal


Transmission Unit
(transceiver, modem,
SDH electrical
interface, hitless
switching)

P
M1

SCSU: Supervision,
Control and Switching
Unit

M2

RF, IF, signal


processing, and
MUX/DEMUX units
are all indoor. Only
the antenna system
is outdoor.

BRU: Branch RF Unit

SDH microwave
equipment

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

BBIU: Baseband
Interface Unit
(option) (STM-1
optical interface, C4
PDH interface)

Page 21

All Outdoor Microwave


Equipment
All the units are
outdoor.

RF processing unit

IF cable

Installation is
easy.

IF and baseband
processing unit

The equipment
room can be
saved.

Service and power cable

All outdoor microwave equipment

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 22

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
(1)
The RF unit is an outdoor unit

(ODU). The IF, signal processing,


and MUX/DEMUX units are

Antenna

integrated in the indoor unit

IF cable

(IDU). The ODU and IDU are


connected through an IF cable.

The ODU can either be directly


mounted onto the antenna or

ODU
(Outdoor
Unit)

connected to the antenna

IDU
(Indoor Unit)

through a short soft waveguide.

Although the capacity is smaller


than the trunk, due to the easy
installation and maintenance, fast
network construction, its the
most widely used microwave

Split-mount
microwave equipment

equipment.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 23

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment (2)

Unit Functions

Antenna: Focuses the RF signals transmitted by ODUs and increases the


signal gain.

ODU: RF processing, conversion of IF/RF signals.

IF cable: Transmitting of IF signal, management signal and power supply


of ODU.

IDU: Performs access, dispatch, multiplex/demultiplex, and


modulation/demodulation for services.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 24

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Direct
Separate
Installation
Mount
Mount
antenna
(direct mount)
antenna
(separate
mount)

ODU

Soft
waveguide
IF cable

IF cable

OD
U

IDU

IF port

IF port

IDU

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 25

Microwave Antenna (1)

Parabolic antenna

Cassegrainian antenna

Antennas are used to send and receive microwave signals.


Parabolic antennas and cassegrainian antennas are two common types of microwave

antennas.
Microwave antenna diameters includes: 0.3m, 0.6m, 1.2m, 1.8m,2.0m, 2.4m, 3.0m,
3.2metc.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 26

Microwave Antenna (2)


Different frequency channels in same frequency band can share one
antenna.

T
x
R
x
T
x
R

Chann
el
1

Chann
el
1

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Page 27

Antenna Adjustment (1)


Side lobe
Half-power angle

Side view

Main lobe

Tail lobe

Side lobe
Half-power angle

Top view

Main lobe

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tail lobe

Page 28

Antenna Adjustment (2)


During antenna adjustment, change the direction
vertically or horizontally. Meanwhile, use a
multimeter to test the RSSI at the receiving end.
Usually, the voltage wave will be displayed as
shown in the lower right corner. The peak point of
the voltage wave indicates the main lobe position in
the vertical or horizontal direction. Large-scope
adjustment is unnecessary. Perform fine adjustment
on the antenna to the peak voltage point.

AGC
Voltage
detection
point
VAGC

When antennas are poorly aligned, a small


voltage may be detected in one direction. In this
case, perform coarse adjustment on the antennas at
both ends, so that the antennas are roughly aligned.

Angle

The antennas at both ends that are well aligned


face a little bit upward. Though 12 dB is lost,
reflection interference will be avoided.

Side lobe position


Main lobe position

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 29

Antenna Adjustment (3)

During antenna adjustment, the

two wrong adjustment cases are


show here. One antenna is aligned
to another antenna through the side
lobe. As a result, the RSSI cannot
meet the requirements.

Wrong

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wrong

Page 30

Correct

Split-Mount Microwave Equipment


Antenna gain
Antenna
(1)

Definition: Ratio of the input power of an isotropic antenna Pio to the input power
of a parabolic antenna Pi when the electric field at a point is the same for the
isotropic antenna and the parabolic antenna.

Calculating formula of antenna gain: G Pio D


Pi

Half-power angle

Usually, the given antenna specifications contain the gain in the largest radiation
(main lobe) direction, denoted by dBi. The half-power point, or the 3 dB point is
the point which is deviated from the central line of the main lobe and where the
power is decreased by half. The angle between the two half-power points is called
the half-power angle.

0.5 (650 ~ 700 )

Calculating formula of half-power angle:

Half-power angle
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 31

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Cross polarization discrimination
Antenna
(2)
Suppression ratio of the antenna receiving heteropolarizing waves, usually, larger

than 30 dB.

XdB 10lgPo/Px

Po: Receiving power of normal polarized wave

Px: Receiving power of abnormal polarized wave

Antenna protection ratio

Attenuation degree of the receiving capability in a direction of an antenna


compared with that in the main lobe direction. An antenna protection ratio of
180 is called front-to-back ratio.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 32

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
ODU (1) ODU system architecture

Uplink IF/RF conversion

IF
amplificat
ion

Frequency
mixing

Sideband
filtering

Local
oscillation
(Tx)

ATPC

Local
oscillation
(Rx)

Supervi
sion and
control
signal

IF
amplification

Filtering

Frequency
mixing

RF
attenuation

Power
amplification

Power
detection

RF loop

Low-noise
amplification

Bandpass
filtering

Downlink RF/IF conversion


Alarm and control

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 33

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Specifications
ODU (2) of Transmitter

Working frequency band

Generally, trunk radios use 6, 7, and 8 GHz frequency bands. 11, 13 GHz and
higher frequency bands are used in the access layer (e.g. BTS access).

Output power

The power at the output port of a transmitter. Generally, the output power is
15 to
30 dBm.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 34

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
frequency
Local
ODU
(3)stability

If the working frequency of the transmitter is unstable, the demodulated


effectived
signal ratio will be decreased and the bit error ratio will be increased. The
value
range of the local frequency stability is 3 to 10 ppm.

Transmit Frequency Spectrum Frame

The frequency spectrum of the transmitted signal must meet specified


requirements, to avoid occupying too much bandwidth and thus causing too
much
interference to adjacent channels. The limitations to frequency spectrum is
called transmit frequency spectrum frame.

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Page 35

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Specifications of Receiver
ODU
(4)
Working frequency band

Receivers work together with transmitters. The receiving frequency on


the local
station is the transmitting frequency of the same channel on the
opposite station.

Local frequency stability

The same as that of transmitters: 3 to 10 ppm

Noise figure

The noise figure of digital microwave receivers is 2.5 dB to 5 dB.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 36

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
Passband
ODU
(5)
To effectively suppress interference and achieve the best transmission quality, the

passband and amplitude frequency characteristics should be properly chosen. The


receiver passband characteristics depend on the IF filter.

Selectivity

Ability of receivers of suppressing the various interferences outside the passband,


especially the interference from adjacent channels, image interference and the
interference between transmitted and received signals.

Automatic gain control (AGC) range

Automatic control of receiver gain. With this function, input RF signals change
within a
certain range and the IF signal level remains unchanges.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 37

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
ODU (6)Frequency range (7425M7725M)
T/R spacing: 154M
Subband
A

7442

Subband
B

f0(7575M)

Subband
C

Subband
A

Subband
B

Subband
C

7498

Non-primary station

ODUs are of rich


types and small
volume. Usually,
ODUs are
produced by
small
manufacturers
and integrated
by big
manufacturers.

Primary station

ODU specifications are related to radio


frequencies. As one ODU cannot cover an
entire frequency band, usually, a frequency
band will be divided into several subbands
and each subband corresponds to one ODU.
Different T/R spacing corresponds to
different ODUs.
Primary and non-primary stations have
different ODUs.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Types of ODUs =
Number of frequency
bands x Number of T/R
spacing x Number of
subbands x 2
(ODUs of some
manufacturers are also
classified by capacity.

Page 38

Split-Mount Microwave
Equipment
IDU
Service
channel

Tributary
unit

Microwave
frame
demultiplexi
ng

Modula
tion

Demod
ulation

Tx IF

Rx IF

Line unit

O&M
interface
Power
interface

Service
channel
Supervision and control

DC/DC conversion

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Page 39

Cable interface

Crossconne
ction

Microwave
frame
multiplexi
ng

IF unit

From/to ODU

Questio
ns

What types are microwave equipment classified into?

What units do the split-mount microwave equipment have?


And what are their functions??

How to adjust antennas?

What are the key specifications of antennas?

What are the key specifications of ODU transmitters and


receivers?

Can you describe the entire signal flow of microwave


transmission?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 40

Summary

Classification of digital microwave equipment

Components of split-mount microwave equipment and


their functions

Antenna installation and key specifications of antennas

Functional modules and key performance indexes of ODU

Functional modules of IDU

Signal flow of microwave transmission

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 41

Contents
1.

Digital Microwave Communication Overview

2.

Digital Microwave Communication Equipment

3.

Digital Microwave Networking and Application

4.

Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies

5.

Designing Microwave Transmission Links

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 42

Common Networking Modes of


Digital Microwave
Ring network

Chain network

Add/Drop
network
Hub network

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Page 43

Types of Digital Microwave


Stations
Digital microwave stations are classified into Pivotal stations, add/drop
relay stations, relay stations and terminal stations.

Add/Drop
relay
station

Relay
station
Terminal
station

Terminal
station

Pivotal
station

Terminal
station
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Page 44

Types of Relay Stations

Passive

Back-to-back antenna
Plane reflector

Relay station

Active

Regenerative repeater
IF repeater
RF repeater

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Page 45

Active Relay Station


Radio Frequency relay station

An active, bi-directional radio repeater system without frequency


shift. The RF relay station directly amplifies the signal over radio
frequency.

Regenerator relay station


A high-frequency repeater of high performance. The regenerator
relay station is used to extend the transmission distance of microwave
communication systems, or to deflect the transmission direction of the
signal to avoid obstructions and ensure the signal quality is not
degraded. After complete regeneration and amplification, the received
signal is forwarded.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 46

Passive Relay Station


Parabolic reflector passive relay station

The parabolic reflector passive relay station is composed of two

parabolic antennas connected by a soft waveguide back to back.

The two-parabolic passive relay station often uses large-

diameter antennas. Meters are necessary to adjust antennas,


which is time consuming.

The near end is less than 5 km away.

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Page 47

Plane Reflector Passive Relay


Station
Plane reflector passive relay station: A metal board which has smooth
surface, proper effective area, proper angle and distance with the two
communication points. It is also a passive relay microwave station.

Full-distance free space loss:

d1(km)

Ls 142.1 20 log d1d 2 20 log a

d 2(km)
a A cos 2
a is the effective area (m2) of the flat reflector.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 48

Passive Relay Station (Photos)

Passive relay station


(plane reflector)

Passive relay station


(parabolic reflectors)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 49

Application of Digital Microwave

BTS backhaul
transmission

Complementary
networks to optical
networks (access
the services from
the last 1 km)
Special transmission
conditions (rivers,
lakes, islands, etc.)
Microwave
application

Redundancy
backup of
important links
VIP customer
access

Emergency
communications
(conventions,
activities, danger
elimination, disaster
relief, etc.)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 50

Questio
ns
What are the networking modes frequently used for digital
microwave?

What are the types of digital microwave stations?

What are the types of relay stations?

What is the major application of digital microwave?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 51

Contents
1.

Digital Microwave Communication Overview

2.

Digital Microwave Communication Equipment

3.

Digital Microwave Networking and Application

4.

Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading


Technologies

5.

Designing Microwave Transmission Links

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 52

Contents
4.

Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading


Technologies

4.1 Factors Affecting Electric Wave Propagation

4.2 Various Fading in Microwave Propagation

4.3 Anti-fading Technologies for Digital Microwave

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 53

Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (1)

Fresnel Zone and Fresnel Zone Radius

Fresnel zone: The sum of the distance from P to T and the distance

from P to R complies with the formula, TP+PR-TR= n/2 (n=1,2,3, ). The


elliptical region encircled by the trail of P is called the Fresnel zone.

Fresnel zone radius: The vertical distance from P to the TR line in the

Fresnel zone. The first Fresnel zone radius is represented by F1 (n=1).

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Page 54

Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (2)
Formula of the first Fresnel zone radius:
F1

17.32

d1 (km) d 2 (km)
f (GHz ) d (km)

The first Fresnel zone is the region where the microwave transmission

energy is the most concentrated. The obstruction in the Fresnel zone


should be as little as possible. With the increase of the Fresnel zone
serial numbers, the field strength of the receiving point reduces as per
arithmetic series.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 55

Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (3)

Clearance

M
h3
h1

hc

hp

h5

hs

h4

h6
d1

h2

d2

d
Along the microwave propagation trail, the obstruction from buildings, trees,

and mountain peaks is sometimes inevitable. If the height of the obstacle


enters the first Fresnel zone, additional loss might be caused. As a result, the
received level is decreased and the transmission quality is affected. Clearance
is used to avoid the case described previously.

The vertical distance from the obstacle to AB line segment is called the

clearance of the obstacle on the trail. For convenience, the vertical distance hc
from the obstacle to the ground surface is used to represent the clearance. In
practice, the error is not big because the line segment AB is approximately
parallel to the ground surface. If the first Fresnel zone radius of the obstacle is
F1, then
hc/ Huawei
F1 is the
relative clearance.
Copyright
2006
Technologies
Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 56

Factors Affecting Electric Wave


Propagation
Terrain
The reflected wave from the ground surface is the major factor that affects the

received level.

Straight line
Reflection

Straight line
Reflection

Smooth ground or water surface can reflect the part of the signal energy transmitted

by the antenna to the receiving antenna and cause interference to the main wave
(direct wave). The vector sum of the reflected wave and main wave increases or
decreases the composite wave. As a result, the transmission becomes unstable.
Therefore, when doing microwave link design, avoid reflected waves as much as
possible. If reflection is inevitable, make use of the terrain ups and downs to block the
reflected waves.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 57

Factors Affecting Electric Wave


Propagation
Different reflection conditions of different terrains have different effects
Terrain

on electric wave propagation. Terrains are classified into the following four
types:
Type A: mountains (or cities with dense buildings)

Type B: hills (gently wavy ground surface)

Type C: plain

Type D: large-area water surface

The reflection coefficient of mountains is the smallest, and thus the

mountain terrain is most suitable for microwave transmission. The hill terrain
is less suitable. When designing circuits, try to avoid smooth plane such as
water surface.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 58

Factors Affecting Electric Wave


Propagation Atmosphere
Troposphere indicates the low altitude atmosphere within 10 km from

the ground. Microwave antennas will not be higher than troposphere, so


the electric wave propagation in aerosphere can be narrowed down to that
in troposphere. Main effects of troposphere on electric wave propagation
are listed below:

Absorption caused by gas resonance. This type of absorption can

affect the microwave at 12 GHz or higher.

Absorption and scattering caused by rain, fog, and snow. This type

of absorption can affect the microwave at 10 GHz or higher.

Refraction, absorption, reflection and scattering caused by

inhomogeneity of atmosphere. Refraction is the most significant


impact to the microwave propagation.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 59

Contents
4.

Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading


Technologies

4.1 Factors Affecting Electric Wave Propagation

4.2 Various Fading in Microwave Propagation

4.3 Anti-fading Technologies for Digital Microwave

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 60

Fading in Microwave Propagation


Fading: Random variation of the received level. The variation is

irregular and the reasons for this are various.

Fading
time

Fading
mechanis
m

Receive
d level

Frequency selective
fading

Page 61

Flat fading

Down fading

Up fading

Slow fading

Fast fading

Duct type fading

K-type fading

Scintillation
fading

Rain fading

Absorption fading

Free space propagation


fading

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence of
fading on
signal

Free Space Transmission Loss

Free space loss: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f


(d: km, f: GHz). If d or f is doubled, the loss will increase by 6 dB.

d
GTX

GRX

Power level

PTX = Transmit
power
PRX = Receive
power
G = Antenna gain
A0 = Free space loss
M = Fading margin

G
A0

PTX

PRX

G
M
Receiving threshold

Distance

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 62

Absorption Fading

Molecules of all substances are composed of charged particles. These

particles have their own electromagnetic resonant frequencies. When the


microwave frequencies of these substances are close to their resonance
frequencies, resonance absorption occurs to the microwave.

Statistic shows that absorption to the microwave frequency lower than 12

GHz is smaller than 0.1 dB/km. Compared with free space loss, the
absorption loss can be ignored.
10dB

1dB

0.1dB

0.01dB

60GHz

23GHz

12GHz

7.5GHz

1GHz

Atmosphere absorption curve (dB/km)


Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 63

Rain Fading

For frequencies lower than 10 GHz, rain loss can be ignored. Only a few

db may be added to a relay section.

For frequencies higher than 10 GHz, repeater spacing is mainly

affected by rain loss. For example, for the 13 GHz frequency or higher, 100
mm/h rainfall causes a loss of 5 dB/km. Hence, for the 13 GHz and 15 GHz
frequencies, the maximum relay distance is about 10 km. For the 20 GHz
frequency and higher, the relay distance is limited in few kilometres due to
rain loss.

High frequency bands can be used for user-level transmission. The

higher the frequency band is, the more severe the rain fading.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 64

K-Type Fading (1)

Atmosphere refraction

As a result of atmosphere refraction, the microwave propagation trail

is bent. It is considered that the electromagnetic wave is propagated


along a straight line above the earth
Re with
R an equivalent earth radius of
,

= KR (R: actual earth radius.)

The average measured K value is about 4/3. However, the K value of a

specific section is related to the meteorological phenomena of the


section. The K value may change within a comparatively large range. This
can affect line-of-sight propagation.

Re

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Page 65

K-Type Fading (2)

Microwave propagation

k > 1: Positive refraction

k = 1: No refraction

k < 1: Negative refraction

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Page 66

K-Type Fading (3)

Equivalent earth radius

In temperate zones, the refraction when the K value is 4/3 is


regarded as the standard refraction, where the atmosphere is the
standard atmosphere and Re which is 4R/3 is the standard
equivalent earth radius.

k=
4/3
1
2/3
Ground surface

Actual earth radius (r)

2/3
1
4/3
k=

Ground surface

Equivalent earth radius (rk)


Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 67

Multipath Fading (1)


Multipath fading: Due to multipath propagation of refracted waves,
reflected waves, and scattered waves, multiple electric waves are
received at the receiving end. The composition of these electric waves
will result in severe interference fading.

Reasons for multipath fading: reflections due to non-uniform


atmosphere, water surface and smooth ground surface.

Down fading: fading where the composite wave level is lower than
the free space received level. Up fading: fading where the composite
wave level is higher than the free space received level.

Non-uniform
atmosphere

Water surface

Smooth ground
surface.

Ground
surface

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Page 68

Multipath Fading (2)

Multipath fading is a type of interference fading caused by multipath

transmission. Multipath fading is caused by mutual interference between the


direct wave and reflected wave (or diffracted wave on some conditions) with
different phases.

Multipath fading grows more severe when the wave passes water surface

or smooth ground surface. Therefore, when designing the route, try to avoid
smooth water and ground surface. When these terrains are inevitable, use
the high and low antenna technologies to bring the reflection point closer to
one end so as to reduce the impact of the reflected wave, or use the high
and low antennas and space diversity technologies or the antennas that are
against reflected waves to overcome multipath fading.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 69

Received power (dBm)

Multipath Fading
Frequency Selective Fading

Flat

Selective fading

Normal

Frequency (MHz)

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Page 70

Multipath Fading Flat Fading


Up fading

Received
level in free
space

Threshold level
(-30 dB)

1h

Signal
interruption

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Page 71

Duct Type Fading


Due to the effects of the meteorological conditions such as ground cooling
in the night, burnt warm by the sun in the morning, smooth sea surface,
and anticyclone, a non-uniform structure is formed in atmosphere. This
phenomenon is called atmospheric duct.
If microwave beams pass through the atmospheric duct while the receiving
point is outside the duct layer, the field strength at the receiving point is
from not only the direct wave and ground reflected wave, but also the
reflected wave from the edge of the duct layer. As a result, severe
interference fading occurs and causes interruption to the communications.

Duct type fading


Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 72

Scintillation Fading
When the dielectric constant of local atmosphere is different from the
ambient due to the particle clusters formed under different pressure,
temperature, and humidity conditions, scattering occurs to the electric wave.
This is called scintillation fading. The amplitude and phase of different
scattered waves vary with the atmosphere. As a result, the composite field
strength at the receiving point changes randomly.
Scintillation fading is a type of fast fading which lasts a short time. The level
changes little and the main wave is barely affected. Scintillation fading will
not cause communications interruption.

Scintillation
fading

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 73

Summary

The higher the frequency is and the longer the hop distance is, the more
severe the fading is.

Fading is more severe at night than in the daylight, in summer than in


winter. In the daylight, sunshine is good for air convection. In summer,
weather changes frequently.

In sunny days without wind, atmosphere is non-uniform and atmosphere


subdivision easily forms and hardly clears. Multipath transmission often
occurs in such conditions.

Fading is more severe along water route than land route, because both the
reflection coefficient of water surface and the atmosphere refraction
coefficient above water surface are bigger.

Fading is more severe along plain route than mountain route, because
atmosphere subdivision often occurs over plain and the ground reflection
factor of the plain is bigger.

Rain and fog weather causes much influence on high-frequency microwave.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 74

Contents
4.

Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading


Technologies

4.1 Factors Affecting Electric Wave Propagation

4.2 Various Fading in Microwave Propagation

4.3 Anti-fading Technologies for Digital


Microwave

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 75

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (1)
Category
Adaptive equalization
Equipment
Automatic transmit power
level
control (ATPC)
countermeasu
re
Forward error correction
(FEC)
System level
countermeasu
re

Diversity receiving
technology

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect
Waveform distortion

Power reduction

Power reduction
Power reduction and
waveform distortion

Page 76

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (2)

Frequency domain equalization

Multipath fading
Signal frequency
spectrum

Slope equalization

Frequency spectrum
after equalization

The frequency domain equalization only equalizes the amplitude

frequency response characteristics of the signal instead of the phase


frequency spectrum characteristics.

The circuit is simple.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 77

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (3)
Time domain equalization

Time domain equalization directly counteracts the


intersymbol interference.

T
C-n

C0

T
Cn
After

Before

-2Ts

-Ts

Ts

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

-2Ts

-Ts

Page 78

Ts

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (4)

Automatic transmit power control (ATPC)

Under normal propagation conditions, the output power of the transmitter


is always at a lower level, for example, 10 to 15 dB lower than the normal
level. When propagation fading occurs and the receiver detects that the
propagation fading is lower than the minimum received level specified by
ATPC, the RFCOH is used to let the transmitter to raise the transmit
power.

Working principle of ATPC


Modulato
r

Transmitte
r

ATPC

Demodulat
or

Receiver

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Receiver

Demodulat
or

ATPC

Transmitter

Page 79

Modulato
r

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (5)

ATPC: The output power of the transmitter automatically traces and


changes with the received level of the receiver within the control range of
ATPC.

The time rate of severe propagation fading is usually small (<1%). After
ATPC is configured, the transmitter works at a power 10 to 15 dB lower than
the nominal power for over 99% of the time. In this way, adjacent channel
interference and power consumption can be reduced.

Effects
of ATPC:
Reduces
the interference to
adjacent systems and over-reach
interference

Reduces up fading
Improves residual BER

Reduces DC power consumption

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 80

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (6)

ATPC adjustment process (gradual change)

High level

-35
-45

Low level

21

-55
ATPC dynamic range

-72

31

45

75

85

102

Link loss (dB)

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Page 81

Transmitter output level (dBm)

Received level (dBm)

-25

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (7)
Cross-polarization interference
cancellation (XPIC)

In microwave transmission,

680MHz
30MH
z

XPIC is used to transmit two

340MHz

80MHz
60MHz
2

8 1

frequency. The utilization ratio of


doubled. To avoid severe

Electric field
direction

interference compensation
technology must be used.

H (V)

the frequency spectrum is

different polarized signals, the

V (H)

different signals over one

interference between two

680 MHz
30MH
z

80MHz
60MHz
1
2
3

340MH
z
4

V
(H)

Horizontal
polarization

Vertical polarization
Shape of waveguide interface

H
(V)

1X

2X

3X

4X 5X

6X

7X

8X
1X
8X

2X

3X'

4X

5X 6X

7X

Frequency configuration of U6 GHz frequency band (ITU-R F.384-

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Page 82

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (8)

Diversity technologies

For diversity, two or multiple transmission paths are used to transmit the same
information and the receiver output signals are selected or composed, to reduce the
effect of fading.

Diversity has the following types, space diversity, frequency diversity, polarization
diversity, and angle diversity.

Space diversity and frequency diversity are more frequently used. Space diversity
is economical and has a good effect. Frequency diversity is often applied to multichannel systems as it requires a wide bandwidth. Usually, the system that has one
standby channel is configured with frequency diversity.
f1
H
f2

Space diversity (SD)

Frequency diversity (FD)

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Page 83

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (9)
Frequency diversity

Signals at different frequencies have different fading characteristics.

Accordingly, two or more microwave frequencies with certain frequency


spacing to transmit and receive the same information which is then
selected or composed, to reduce the influence of fading. This work mode
is called frequency diversity.

Advantages: The effect is obvious. Only one antenna is required.

Disadvantages: The utilization ratio of frequency bands is low.


f1
f2

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 84

Anti-fading Technologies
for
Digital
Microwave System
Space
diversity
Signals have different multipath effect over different paths and thus have
(10)
different fading characteristics. Accordingly, two or more suites of antennas at

different altitude levels to receive the signals at the same frequency which are
composed or selected. This work mode is called space diversity. If there are n
pairs of antennas, it is called n-fold diversity.

Advantages: The frequency resources are saved.

Disadvantages: The equipment is complicated, as two or more suites of


antennas are required.

Antenna distance: As per experience, the distance between the diversity


antennas is 100 to 200 times the wavelength in frequently used frequency
bands.
f1

f1

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 85

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
Dh calculation in space diversity
Rx
(11)

nl
l/2

Tx

Dh

h1

Approximately, Dh can be calculated according to this formula:

(nl l/2)d
Dh =
2h

l: wavelength
1
d: path distance
h1: height of the antenna at the transmit end
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 86

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (12)

Apart from the anti-fading technologies introduced previously, here are

two frequently used tips:

Method I: Make use of some terrain and ground objects to block reflected

waves.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 87

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
(13)
Method II: high and low antennas

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 88

Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (1)

Hybrid coupler

With one hybrid coupler added between


two ODUs and the antenna, the 1+1 HSB
can be realized in the configuration of one
antenna. Moreover, the FD technology can
also be adopted.

The 1+1 HSB can also be realized


in the configuration of two antennas.
In this case, the FD and SD
technologies can both be adopted,
which improves the system
availability.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 89

Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (2)

N+1 (N3, 7, 11) Protection


In the following figure, Mn stands for the active channel and P stands for the
standby channel. The active channel and the standby channel have their
independent modulation/demodulation unit and signal transmitting /receiving
unit.

When the fault or fading occurs in the active channel, the signal is switched
to the standby channel. The channel backup is an inter-frequency backup.
This protection mode (FD) is mainly used in the all indoor microwave
equipment.

Products of different vendors support different specifications.

ch1
ch2
ch3

M1
M2

M1
M2

M3

M3

ch1
ch2
ch3

chP

chP

Switching
control unit

RFSOH

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Switching
control unit

Page 90

Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (3)
Configurati
on

Protection Mode

Remark
s

Application
Terminal of the
network

1+0

NP

Non-protection

1+1

FD

Channel protection

1+1

SD

Equipment protection
Intraand channel
frequency
protection

1+1

FD+SD

Equipment protection
Interand channel
frequency
protection

N+1

FD

Equipment protection
Interand channel
frequency
protection

Interfrequency

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Select the proper


mode depending on
the geographical
condition and
requirements of the
customer

Large-capacity
backbone network

Page 91

Questions

What factors can affect the microwave propagation?

What types of fading exists in the microwave propagation?

What are the two categories is the anti-fading technology?

What protection modes are available for the microwave?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 92

Summary

Importance parameters affecting microwave propagation

Various factors affecting microwave propagation

Various fading types in the microwave propagation (free space


propagation fading, atmospheric absorption fading, rain or fog
scattering fading, K type fading, multipath fading, duct type fading, and
scintillation type fading)

Anti-fading technologies

Anti-fading measures adopted on the equipment: adaptive equalization,


ATPC, and XPIC

Anti-fading measures adopted in the system: FD and SD

Protection modes of the microwave equipment

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 93

Content
s

1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview


2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 94

Contents
5.

Designing Microwave Transmission Links

5.1 Basis of Designing a Microwave


Transmission Line

5.2 Procedures for Designing a Microwave


Transmission Line

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Page 95

Basis of Designing a Microwave


Transmission Line

Requirement on the point-to-point line-of-sight communication

Objective of designing a microwave transmission line

Transmission clearance

Meanings of K value in the microwave transmission planning

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 96

Requirement on a Microwave
Transmission Line
Because the microwave is a short wave and has weak ability of
diffraction, the normal communication can be realized in the line-of-sight
transmission without obstacles.
Line propagation

Irradiated wave
Antenna

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Page 97

Requirement on a Microwave
Transmission Line

In the microwave transmission, the transmit power is very small, only the
antenna in the accurate direction can realize the communication. For the
communication of long distance, use the antenna of greater diameter or
increase the transmit power.

Direction demonstration of the microwave antenna


Microwave antenna

Half power angle of


the microwave
antenna

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

3 dB

Page 98

Objective of Designing a Microwave Transmission Line

In common geographical conditions, it is recommended that there


be no obstacles within the first Fresnel zone if K is equal to 4/3.

When the microwave transmission line passes the water surface or


the desert area, it is recommended that there are no obstacles
within the first Fresnel zone if K is equal to 1.
The first Fresnel zone

k = 4/3

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Page 99

Transmission Clearance (1)

The knife-edged obstacle blocks partial of the Fresnel zone. This also

causes the diffraction of the microwave. Influenced by the two reasons,


the level at the actual receive point must be lower than the free space
level. The loss caused by the knife-edged obstacle is called additional
loss.

Diff
rac
t

ion

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Page 100

Transmission Clearance (2)

When the peak of the obstacle is in the line

connecting the transmit end and the receive

end, that is, the HC is equal to 0, the

6
4
2

When the peak of the obstacle is above the

line connecting the transmit end and the


receive end, the additional loss is increased
greatly.

When the peak of the obstacle is below the

line connecting the transmit end the receive


end, the additional loss fluctuates around 0
dB. The transmission loss in the path and the
signal receiving level approach the values in
the free space transmission.

Additional loss (dB)

additional loss is equal to 6 dB.

0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
-28
-2.5-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.5 0 0.51.0 1.52.02.5 HC/F1
Loss caused by block of knife-edged obstacle

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Page 101

Transmission Clearance (3)


Clearance calculation

Calculation formula for path clearance

h1d 2 h2 d1
hc
hb hs
d
The value of clearance
is required greater than
that of the first Fresnel
Zones radius.

hb

stands for the


projecting height of the
earth.

hc

h2

h1

hs
d1

hb

d1d 2
hb 0.0785
K

K stands for the atmosphere refraction factor.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 102

d2

Transmission Clearance (4)

To present the influence of various factors on microwave transmission, the

field strength fading factor V is introduced. The field strength fading factor V
is defined as the ratio of the combined field strength when the irradiated
wave and the reflected wave arrive at the receive point to the field strength
when the irradiated wave arrives at the receive point in the free space
transmission.

wave

hce
E
2
V
1 2 cos
E0
F1

E : Combined field strength when the irradiated wave and reflected

arrive
at the receive
point
: Field
strength
when the
irradiated wave arrives at the
E
0 point in
received
the free space transmission
: Equivalent ground reflection factor

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Page 103

Transmission Clearance (5)

The relation of the V and

can be

represented by the curve in the figure on


the right.

V dB

In the case that is equal to 1, with

the influence of the earth considered,


HC/F1 is equal to 0.577 when the signal
receiving level is equal to the free space
level the first time.

In the case that is smaller than 1,

HC/F1 is approximately equal to 0.6 when


the signal receiving level is equal to the
free space level the first time.

When the HC/F1 is equal to 0.577, the


HC/F1=N

clearance is called the free space


clearance, represented by H0 and
expressed in the following formula:

Relation curve of V and Hc/F1

H0 = 0.577F 1 = (d1d2/d)1/2
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 104

Meaning of K Value in Microwave


Transmission Planning (1)

To make the clearance cost-effective and reasonable in the engineering,


the height of the antenna should be adjusted according to the following
requirements.

In the case that is not greater than 0.5, that is, for the circuit that
passes the area of small ground reflection factor like the mountainous
area, city, and hilly area, to avoid over great diffraction, the height of
the antenna should be adjusted according to the following
requirements:
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-shaped obstacles)

The diffraction fading should not be greater than 8 dB in this case.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 105

Meaning of K Value in Microwave


Transmission Planning (2)

In the case that is greater than 0.7, that is, for the circuit that passes

the area of great ground reflection factor like the plain area and water
reticulation area, to avoid over great reflection fading, the height of the
antenna should be adjusted according to the following requirements
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-edged obstacles)
When K = 4/3, HC F1
When K = , HC 1.35F1 (The deep fading occurs when HC = 21/2
F1.)

If these requirements cannot be met, change the height of the antenna

or the route.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 106

Procedure for Designing a


Microwave Transmission Line

Step 1 Determine the route according to the engineering


map.

Step 2 Select the site of the microwave station.

Step 3 Draw the cross-sectional chart of the terrain.

Step 4 Calculate the parameters for site construction.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 107

Procedure for Designing a


Microwave Transmission Line (1)
Step 1

Determine the route according to engineering map.

We should select the area that rolls as much as possible, such as


the hilly area. We should avoid passing the water surface and the
flat and wide area that is not suitable for the transmission of the
electric wave. In this way, the strong reflection signal and the
accordingly caused deep fading can be avoided.

The line should avoid crossing through or penetrating into the


mountainous area.

The line should go along with the railway, road and other areas
with the convenient transportation.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 108

Procedure for Designing a


Microwave Transmission Line (2)
Step 2

Select the site of the microwave station.


The distance between two sites should not be too long. The
distance between two relay stations should be equal, and each
relay section should have the proper clearance.

Select the Z route to avoid the over-reach interference.

Avoid the interference from other radio services, such as the


satellite communication system, radar site, TV station, and
broadcast station.
f1

f1

f1

f2

f2

f2

Over-reach
interference

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The signal from the


first microwave
station interferes
with the signal of the
same frequency
from the third
microwave station.

Page 109

Procedure for Designing a


Microwave Transmission Line (3)
Step 3

Draw the cross-sectional chart of the terrain.


Draw the cross-sectional chart of the terrain based on the data of
each site.

Calculate the antenna height and transmission situation of each


site. For the line that has strong reflection, adjust the mounting
height of the antenna to block the reflected wave, or have the
reflection point fall on the earth surface with small reflection
factor.

Consider the path clearance. The clearance in the plain area


should not be over great, and that in the mountainous area should
not be over small.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 110

Procedure for Designing a


Microwave Transmission Line (4)
Step 4

Calculate the parameters for site construction.

Calculate the terrain parameters when the route and the site are
already determined.

Calculate the azimuth and the elevation angles of the antenna,


distance between sites, free space transmission loss and
receive level, rain fading index, line interruption probability, and
allocated values and margin of the line index.

When the margin of the line index is eligible, plan the equipment
and frequencies, make the approximate budget, and deliver the
construction chart.
Input

There is special
network planning
software, and the
commonly used is CTE
Pathloss.
Input

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 111

Questions

What are the requirements for microwave communication?

What is the goal of microwave design?

What extra factors should be taken into consideration for


microwave planning?

Can you tell the procedure for designing a microwave transmission


line?

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