Lesson 3: Conditions and Loops

Unit 1: The if Statement

Lecture C

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The if Statement
The Java if statement has the following syntax:

if (boolean-condition)
statement;
If the Boolean condition is true, the statement is

executed; if it is false, the statement is skipped

This provides basic decision making capabilities

Lecture C

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Tempreture
class Temperature {
static final int THRESHOLD = 65;
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int temperature =
input.requestInt(Enter the temperature:);
System.out.println(Current temperature +
temperature);
if (temperature < THRESHOLD)
System.out.println(Its cold in here!);
}
}

Lecture C

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If statement flow diagram

if (condition)
statement;

condition
true
statement

Lecture C

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Boolean Expressions
The condition of an if statement must evaluate to a true

or false result
Java has several equality and relational operators:

Operator
==

Meaning
equal to

!=

not equal to

<

less than

<=

less than or equal to

>

greater than

>=

greater than or equal to

More complex Boolean expressions are also possible

Lecture C

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Block Statements
Several statements can be grouped together into a block

statement
Blocks are delimited by braces
A block statement can be used wherever a statement is
called for in the Java syntax
if (boolean-condition){
statement1;
statement2;

}
Lecture C

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Example - Temperature2
class Temperature2 {
static final int THRESHOLD = 65;
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int temperature =
input.requestInt(Enter the temperature:);
System.out.println(Current temperature +
temperature);
if (temperature < THRESHOLD) {
System.out.println(Its cold in here!);
System.out.println(But well survive.);
}
}
}

Lecture C

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If .. Else Statement
An else clause can be added to an if statement to

make it an if-else statement:

if (condition)
statement1;
else
statement2;
If the condition is true, statement1 is executed; if the

condition is false, statement2 is executed

Lecture C

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Example - Temperature3
class Temperature3 {
static final int FREEZING_POINT = 32;
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int temperature =
input.requestInt(Enter temperature:);
if (temperature <= FREEZING_POINT)
System.out.println(Its freezing!);
else
System.out.println(Above freezing.);
}
}

Lecture C

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If/else flow diagram

if (condition)
statement1;
else
statement2;

true

statement1

Lecture C

condition

statement2

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Nested If statements
Since an If statement is a statement, it can appear inside

another if statement.

if (condition1)
if (condition2)
statement;
It can also appear in an else clause

if (condition1)
statement1;
else if (condition2)
statement2;

Lecture C

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Nested If Example
// Reads 2 integers and compares them
class CompareExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int a = input.requestInt(First number:);
int b = input.requestInt(Second number:);
if (a != b){
if (a > b)
System.out.println(a+ is greater);
else
System.out.println(b+ is greater);
}else
System.out.println(the numbers are equal);
}
}

Lecture C

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Checking your Input

When requesting input from the user, keep in mind that the input may be invalid.
It is good practice to check the validity of user input

int numberOfItems =
input.requestInt(Enter number of items:);
if (numberOfItems < 0) {
System.out.println(
Number of items must be positive!);
} else {
double price = numberOfItems * ITEM_PRICE;
System.out.println(The total price is: +price);
}

Lecture C

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Lesson 3: Conditions and Loops

Unit 2: Boolean Expressions

Lecture C

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Logical Operators
Boolean expressions may be combined using logical

operators
There are three logical operators in Java:

Operator
!

Operation
Logical NOT

&&

Logical AND

||

Logical OR

They all take Boolean operands and produce Boolean

results
Logical NOT is unary (one operand), but logical AND and
OR are binary (two operands)

Lecture C

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Logical NOT
The logical NOT is also called logical negation or logical

complement
If a is true, !a is false; if a is false, then !a is true
Logical expressions can be shown using truth tables
a

!a

false

true

true

false

Lecture C

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Logical AND
The expression a && b is true if both a and b are true,

and false otherwise

Truth tables show all possible combinations of all terms

a && b

false

false

false

false

true

false

true

false

false

true

true

true

Lecture C

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Logical OR
The expression a || b is true if a or b or both are true,

and false otherwise

a || b

false

false

false

false

true

true

true

false

true

true

true

true

Lecture C

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Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to form more complex logical

expressions
if (a<1 || a%2!=0)
System.out.println(
The input should be an even even number!);

Logical operators have precedence relationships between

themselves and other operators

Lecture C

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Logical Operators
Full expressions can be evaluated using truth tables

a < 1

a%2!=0

a<1 || a%2=0

false

false

false

false

true

false

true

false

false

true

true

true

Lecture C

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Boolean variables
Boolean expressions can be assigned to Boolean

variables
boolean b, c;
b = (x > 17);
c = (x>17) && (x<60);

Boolean variables are Boolean expressions

boolean b, c;
b = (x > 17);
c = b && (x<60);
if (c)
System.out.println(x is in range);

Lecture C

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Example - RightTriangle
// Receives the length of the edges of a triangle
// and determine if this is a right triangle
class RightTriangle {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
float a = input.requestInt(Edge1:);
float b = input.requestInt(Edge2:);
float c = input.requestInt(Hypotenuse:);
boolean test = a*a+b*b == c*c;
if (test)
System.out.println(Its a right triangle);
else
System.out.println(Its not a right triangle);
}
}

Lecture C

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Lesson 3: conditions and loops

Unit C3: The while Statement

Lecture C

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The while statement

A while statement has the following syntax:

while (condition)
statement;
If the condition is true, the statement is executed; then

the condition is evaluated again

The statement is executed over and over until the
condition becomes false
If the condition of a while statement is false initially, the
statement is never executed
Therefore, we say that a while statement executes zero
or more times
Lecture C

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While statement flow diagram

while (condition)
statement;

condition
true
statement

Lecture C

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Example - Counter
// Counts from 1 to 5
class Counter {
static final int LIMIT = 5;
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 1;
while (count <= LIMIT) {
System.out.println(count);
count = count + 1;
}
System.out.println(done);
}
}

Lecture C

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Examples - Factors
// Gets an integer and prints its factors
class FactorsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
int a = input.requestInt(Enter a number:);
int i = 1;
System.out.println(The divisors of +a+ are:);
while (i <= a) {
if (a%i == 0) {
System.out.println(i);
}
i = i + 1;
}
}
}

Lecture C

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Infinite Loops
The body of a while loop must eventually make the

condition false
If not, it is an infinite loop, which will execute until the user
interrupts the program
This is a common type of logical error -- always double
check that your loops will terminate normally

Lecture C

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Example - Forever
// This program contains an infinite loop
class Forever {
static final int LIMIT = 25;
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 1;
while (count <= LIMIT) {
System.out.println(count);
count = count - 1;
}
}
}

Lecture C

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Lesson 3: conditions and loops

Unit 4: More conditionals

Lecture C

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The Conditional Operator

Java has a conditional operator that evaluates a Boolean

condition that determines which of two expressions is

evaluated
The result of the chosen expression is the result of the
entire conditional operator
Its syntax is:
condition ? expression1 :
expression2
If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated; if it is

false, expression2 is evaluated

Lecture C

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The Conditional Operator

It is similar to an if-else statement, except that it is an

expression that returns a value

For example:
int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

If a is greater that b, then a is assigned to max;

otherwise, b is assigned to max
The conditional operator is ternary, meaning it requires

three operands

Lecture C

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The Conditional Operator

Another example:
System.out.println ("Your change is " + count +
((count == 1) ? "Dime" : "Dimes));

If count equals 1, "Dime" is printed, otherwise

"Dimes" is printed

Lecture C

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Another Selection Statement

The if and the if-else statements are selection

statements, allowing us to select which statement to

perform next based on some Boolean condition

Another selection construct, called the switch statement,

provides another way to choose the next action

The switch statement evaluates an expression, then

attempts to match the result to one of a series of values

Execution transfers to statement list associated with the

first value that matches

Lecture C

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The switch Statement

The syntax of the switch statement is:

switch (expression) {
case value1:
statement-list1
case value2:
statement-list2
case
}

Lecture C

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The switch Statement

The expression must evaluate to an integral value, such

as an integer or character
The break statement is usually used to terminate the
statement list of each case, which causes control to jump
to the end of the switch statement
A default case can be added to the end of the list of
cases, and will execute if no other case matches

Lecture C

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The switch Statement

/**
* A client that enables you to connect to the
* bank server and make remote banking operations...
*/
public class BankClient {
public static final int VIEW_BALANCE = 1;
public static final int VIEW_SAVINGS = 2;
public static final int CASH_TRANSFER = 3;
public static final int VIEW_LAST_OPERATIONS = 4;
// ...

Lecture C

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The switch Statement

// Inside the main loop of the client:
int option =
InputRequestor.requentInt(Enter your choice:);
switch(option) {
case VIEW_BALANCE:
showBalance();
break;
case VIEW_SAVINGS:
showSavings();
break;
default:
output.showMessage(No such option!);
}

Lecture C

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Lesson 3: conditions and loops

Unit 5: Shorthand Operators

Lecture C

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Shorthand Operators
Many operations are very commonly used
x = x + 1;
sum = sum + x;

Java has shorthand notations for these

increment and decrement operators

assignment operators

Lecture C

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The Increment and Decrement Operators

The increment operator (++) adds one to its integer or

floating point operand

The decrement operator (--) subtracts one
The statement
count++;
is essentially equivalent to
count = count + 1;

Lecture C

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The Increment and Decrement Operators

The increment and decrement operators can be applied

in prefix (before the variable) or postfix (after the variable)

form
When used alone in a statement, the prefix and postfix
forms are basically equivalent. That is,
count++;
is equivalent to
++count;

Lecture C

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The Increment and Decrement Operators

When used in a larger expression, the prefix and postfix

forms have a different effect

In both cases the variable is incremented (decremented)
But the value used in the larger expression depends on
the form
Expressions Operation

Value Of expression

count++

add 1

old value

++count

add 1

new value

count--

subtract 1

old value

--count

subtract 1

new value

Lecture C

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The Increment and Decrement Operators

If count currently contains 45, then
total = count++;

assigns 45 to total and 46 to count

If count currently contains 45, then
total = ++count;

assigns the value 46 to both total and count

Lecture C

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The Increment and Decrement Operators

If sum contains 25, what does this statement print?
System.out.println (sum++

"

" +

++sum

"

" +

sum

"

" +

sum--);

Prints the following result:

25

27

27

27

sum contains 26 after the line is complete

Lecture C

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Assignment Operators
Often we perform an operation on a variable, then store

the result back into that variable

Java provides assignment operators that simplify that
process
For example, the statement
sum += value;

is equivalent to
sum = sum + value;

Lecture C

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Assignment Operators
There are many such assignment operators, always

written as op= , such as:

Operator

Example

Equivalent to

+=

x+=y

x = x + y

-=

x-=y

x = x - y

*=

x*=y

x = x * y

/=

x/=y

x = x / y

%=

x%=y

x = x % y

Lecture C

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Assignment Operators
The right hand side of an assignment operator can be a

complete expression
The entire right-hand expression is evaluated first, then
combined with the additional operation
Therefore
result
/= total-MIN;
result
/= total-MIN;

is equivalent to
result = result / (total-MIN);

Lecture C

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Lesson 3: conditions and loops

Unit C6: More Repetition

Lecture C

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More Repetition Constructs

In addition to while loops, Java has two other

constructs used to perform repetition:

the do statement
the for statement

Each loop type has its own unique characteristics

You must choose which loop type to use in each situation

Lecture C

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The do Statement
The do statement has the following syntax:

do
statement
while (condition);
The statement is executed until the condition becomes

false
It is similar to a while statement, except that its
termination condition is evaluated after the loop body

Lecture C

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The do Statement
The key difference between a do loop and a while loop

is that the body of the do loop will execute at least once

If the condition of a while loop is false initially, the body

of the loop is never executed

Another way to put this is that a while loop will execute

zero or more times and a do loop will execute one or

more times

Lecture C

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Do Statement Example
// Gets an integer and prints its factors
class AvgExample {
public static void main(String[] args){
InputRequestor input = new InputRequestor();
double x, sum=0, count=-1;
do {
x = input.RequestDouble(Next number:);
sum += x;
count++;
} while (x != 0);
// 0 is a flag indicating end of input
System.out.println(The average is +sum/count);
}
}

Lecture C

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The do Statement flow diagram

statement

true

condition

false

Lecture C

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The for Statement

Many loops have a common pattern, captured by the for

statement
The syntax of the for loop is

for (intialization; condition; increment)

statement;
This is equivalent to

initialization;
while (condition) {
statement;
increment;
}
Lecture C

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The for Statement: examples

Examples:
for (int count=1; count < 75; count++) {
System.out.println (count);
}

for (int num=1; num <= max; num = num * 2) {

System.out.println (Next power of 2: + num);
}

Lecture C

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The for Statement

The initialization is always performed once
The condition of a for statement is tested prior to

executing the loop body (like in the while statement)

Therefore, a for loop will execute zero or more times
For loops are well suited for cases where the number of
iterations is known beforehand
The increment is executed after each iteration of the loop

Lecture C

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Omitting parts in a for Statement

Each expression in the header of a for loop is optional

If the initialization is left out, no initialization is performed

If the condition is left out, it is always considered to be true, and
therefore makes an infinite loop
If the increment is left out, no increment operation is performed

Both semi-colons are always required

for (;;) {// an infinite loop
System.out.println (beep);
}
// compute a value count
for (; count < max ; count ++ ) {
System.out.println (count);
}

Lecture C

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The for Statement flow diagram

initialization

condition

false

true
statement
increment

Lecture C

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Multiplication Table Example

class MultiplicationTable {
public static void main(String[] args){
for(int j=1 ; j <= 10 ; j++) {
for(int k=1 ; k <= 10 ; k++)
System.out.print(j*k);
System.out.println();
}
}
}

Lecture C

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The break and continue statements

The break statement, which we used with switch

statements, can also be used inside a loop

When the break statement is executed, control jumps to
the statement after the loop (the condition is not
evaluated again)
A similar construct, the continue statement, can also be
executed in a loop
When the continue statement is executed, control
jumps to the end of the loop and the condition is
evaluated

Lecture C

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Break and Continue Example

class AvgExample2 {
public static void main(String[] args){
InputRequestor in = new InputRequestor();
double x, sum = 0; count = 0;
while(true){
x = in.RequestDouble();
if (x == 0)
break;
if (x < 0) {
System.out.println(Only positive numbers!);
continue;
}
sum += x ;
count ++ ;
} // continued on next page

Lecture C

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Break and Continue Example (2)

System.out.println(The average is +sum/count);
}
}

Lecture C

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Why do We Need Indentation?

class Mystery {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InputRequestor in = new InputRequestor();
int dimension =
in.requestInt(Please enter the dimension);
for (int j = 0; j < dimension; j++) {
for (int k = 1; k < dimension - j; k++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
for (int k = 0; k < j; k++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}}}

Lecture C

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