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Solution:
a. x y 3z 2w y 3z 2w x
b. 3 4 5 4 5 3
ab
b
a for c 0.
c
c
ab
1
1
b
ab a b a
c
c
c
Show that
Solution:
b.
Show that
Solution:
ab a b
for c 0.
c
c c
ab
1
1
1
a b a b
c
c
c
c
1
1 a b
a b
c
c c c
ab a b
c
c c
base
exponent
Properties:
1. x n x x x x
n factors
2. x
1
1
n
for x 0
x
x x x x
n factors
1
3. n x n
x
4. x 0 1
6
Example 1 Exponents
1
a.
2
b. 3 -5
1 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2
16
1
1
5
3
243
1
5
c.
3
243
-5
3
d. 20 1, 0 1, ( 5 )0 1
e. x 1 x
Solution:
1
2
2
2
25
25
1 1
1
51
52
5 2 5 2
5
a.
b.
2
6
3x
2
6
3 6 x5
Example 5 Exponents
a.
2 5
5
2
23 x
1 5
3x
3 6x 6
x 1 y 1
1 1 yx
1
1
x y
x y
xy
Solution:
1
2
1
6
26 3 5 x
3x
and simplify.
b. Simplify
Solution:
x 3 / 2 x 1/ 2
x 3 / 2 x 1/ 2 x 1/ 2 x 1
c.
Solution:
7 x 2 7 x
7 x 2 7 x .
2
7
1
7
1
x 2 7 x 2 x 2 49 x 2
1 2
Solution:
y 1
1 1
x y
xy
y x
e. Apply the distributive law to
1
2
2x
x
6
1
2
y x
xy
Solution:
x 2y 2
y x2
6
2x 5 .
1
2
y 2x
c
x
c1x c0
n the
n 1form:
expression of
where n = non-negative integer
cn = constants
a.
3x 3 5x 2
10 x
variable x.
b.
5
10 3 y
7 y2
variable y.
c.
x y 3 xy 2
y
variables x and y.
a.
b.
By Rule 2,
By Rule 3,
x 2 x 5
x 2 2 5 x 2 5
x 2 3 x 10
3z 5 7 z 4
3 7 z 2 3 4 5 7 z 5 4
21z 2 47 z 20
x 3x
a.
x2 3
x
4z 3 8z 2 3z 6
3 3
2
b.
2z 4 z
2z
2 z
3
16
0.5 Factoring
If two or more expressions are
multiplied together, the expressions
are called the
factors of the product.
a. Factor 3k 2 x 2 9k 3 x
completely.
2 2
3
2
3
k
x
9
k
x
3
k
x x 3k
Solution:
8a 5 x 2 y 3 6a 2b 3 yz 2a 4 b 4 xy 2 z 2
b. Factor
8a 5 x 2 y 3 6a 2b 3 yz 2a 4 b 4 xy 2 z 2
completely.
2a 2 y 4a 3 x 2 y 2 3b 3 z a 2b 4 xyz 2
Solution:
Example 3 Factoring
a. x 8 x 16 x 4
2
b. 9 x 2 9 x 2 3 x 1 3 x 2
c. 6 y 3 3 y 2 18 y 3 y 2 y 3 y 2
d. x 2 6 x 9 x 3
e. z1/ 4 z 5 / 4 z1/ 4 1 z
0.6 Fractions
Simplifying Fractions
Allows us to multiply/divide the
numerator and denominator by the
same nonzero quantity.
Multiplication and Division of
Fractions
a c ad
c
ac
a rule
The
and dividing
for multiplying
b d bc
bd
b d
is
a. Simplify
x2 x 6
.
2
Solution:x 7 x 12
x2 x 6
x 3 x 2 x 2
2
x 7 x 12 x 3 x 4 x 4
2x 2 6 x 8
.
b. Simplify
2
8 4x 4x
2 x 2 6 x 8 2 x 1 x 4
x4
2
Solution:
8 4x 4x
41 x 2 x
2 x 2
x
x 3
x
x 5
x x 5
a.
x 2 x 5 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 3
x 5
x 5 1
x 5
x
3
b.
2x
x 3 2x 2x x 3
4x
2
4x
x 1
2
x
1
c.
2
2
2
2 x 8 x x 1 2 x 8 x x 1 x 4
x 1
p2 5 3p 2
a.
p2
p2
5 3 p 2
p2
p2 3p 3
p2
x 2 5x 4
x 2 2x
b. 2
2
x 2x 3 x 5 x 6
x 1 x 4
x x 2
x 1 x 3 x 2 x 3
4
x 3
24
x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 3
x 2
x2
2
x 2 6x 9 2 x 2 9
2 x 3 x 3
2 x 2 10 x 12 x 2 5 x 6
2
2 x 3 x 3
x 2 15 x 6
2
2 x 3 x 3
Equations
An equation is a statement that
two expressions are equal.
The two expressions that make up
an equation are called its sides.
They are separated by the equality
sign, =.
a. x 2 3
b. x 2 3 x 2 0
y
c.
6
y 4
d. w 7 z
Equivalent Equations
Linear Equations
A linear equation in the variable x
a0
can be written in
ax the
b form
0
where a and b are constants and
Solve
Solution:
5 x 6 3 x.
5x 6 3x
5x 6 3x 3x 3x
2x 6 0
2x 6 6 0 6
2x 6
2x 6
2
2
x 3
Solve
Solution:
7x 3 9x 8
6.
2
4
7x 3 9x 8
4
4 6
2
4
2 7 x 3 9 x 8 24
5 x 14 24
5 x 10
x2
Literal Equations
Equations where constants are not
specified, but are represented as a,
b, c, d, etc. are called literal
equations.
The letters are called literal
constants.
Solve
Solution:
a c x x 2 x a 2
for x.
a c x x 2 x a 2
ax cx x 2 x 2 2ax a 2
x c a a2
a2
x
c a
Fractional Equations
A fractional equation is an equation in
which an unknown is in a denominator
Solve 5
6
.
x 4 x 3
Solution:
5
6
x 4 x 3
x 4 x 3
x 4
x 3
5 x 3 6 x 4
9x
Radical Equations
y 3 y 3.
Solution:
y 3 y 3
y 3 y 6 y 9
6 y 12
y 2
y 4
2
x
a. Solve x 12 0.
x 3 x 4 0
Solution:
a. Solve
4 x 4 x 3 0.
Solution:
4x 4x 3 0
4x 1 x 2 0
4 x 1 x 1 x 0
x 0
or
x 1 or
x 1
Quadratic Formula
ax 2 bx c 0
26
Solve
2y 9 y 2 0
Solution:
Here a = 9, b = 62, and c = 2. The roots are
6 2 0
y
2 9
6 2 0
2
6 2 0
2
y
or y
18
3
18
3
Quadratic-Form Equation
When a non-quadratic equation can
be transformed into a quadratic
equation
by
an
appropriate
substitution, the given equation is
said to have quadratic-form.
1
9
8 0.
3
Solve x 6
x
Solution:
1
9
8 0
3
x
w 2 9w 8 0
w 8 w 1 0
w 8 or w 1
1
1
8
or
1
3
Thus, the roots are x 3
x
1
x
or x 1
2