16-OWJ200106 WCDMA Handover Principal (With Comment) ISSUE1.0

Internal
OWJ200106 WCDMA
Handover Principle
ISSUE 1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
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Why mobile communication systems need handover?

It is decided by the characters of mobile system
The mobility of UE
The mobile system is composed by cells which
the coverage ability is limited
Providing the continuous service in mobile
communication system is the basic element in
QoS
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Page 2
Upon completion of this course, you will be able
to learn:
The basic definitions of handover
The algorithms of handover decision
The handover signalling flow
The parameters of handover
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Page 3
Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
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The Purpose of Handover
Providing the continuous service in mobile
communication system is the basic element in QoS

The load balance: sharing the resource
The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high
efficiency of using resource
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The Basic Concepts of Handover

Active Set
Monitored Set
Detected set
Event reporting
Event reporting to Periodic reporting

Periodic reporting
Radio Link (RL)
Radio Link Set (RLS)
Combination way:
maximum ratio combination
selection combination
The soft handover gain
CPICH
Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover
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The Categories of Handover

According to the signaling characters:
Soft handover (softer handover)

Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM)
According to the purpose of handover
Based on Coverage
Based on Load (Optional)
Based on mobility of UE (Optional)
Based on Service (Optional)
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The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Item
Soft Handover
Hard Handover
The numbers of RL in
active set after
handover
Several
One
Interruption during
handover
No
Yes
The frequencies of cells
Only happened in
Intra-frequency
cells
Can be happened in Intrafrequency cells or Interfrequency cells
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The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover and softer handover:
During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined in NodeB by

maximum ratio combination, but during soft handover they are
combined in RNC by selection combination
Compare to later one, the maximum ratio combination can get more
gain. So the performance of maximum ration combination is better
Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not consume
transport resource of Iub
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Soft Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
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Softer Handover
RNC (WFMR)
NodeB
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Hard Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
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Three Steps of Handover
Measurement
Decision
Execute
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2.1 Measurement control and measurement report
2.2 The basic definitions of measurement
2.3 Measurement event
2.4 Compressed mode
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Measurement Control
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case
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Measurement Control
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
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Measurement Report
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
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2.4 Compressed mode
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The Basic Concepts of Measurement

The measurement quantities of Handover
Soft handover and Intra-frequency hard handover : CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0,
Path loss
Inter-frequency CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0
Inter-system GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC Reconfirmation
The reporting methods of measurement
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
The events of reporting
Intra-frequency events 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1F

Inter-frequency events 2D, 2F, 2B, 2C
Inter-system events 3A, 3C
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Measurement Model
parameters
parameters
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering
C
C'
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Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
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Measurement Model
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Reporting Criterion
Reporting Criterion
Decision formula: for example, 1A event :

Path Loss
10 LogM New W 10 Log
NA
M
i 1
(1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),
Other measurement (Ec/N0 or RSCP )
i (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),

i
10 LogM New W 10 Log
New cell
NA
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Key Parameters
CPICH
Ec/No
Reporting
Range
Hyst
1A Event
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1B Event
Not
triggered
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2.4 Compressed mode
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Intra-frequency Measurement Events

Intra-frequency measurement report events are identified with 1X :
1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When the

active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;
1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than the
primary pilot channel in an active set;
1D : The best cell changes;
1F : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel become
lower than the absolute threshold
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Inter-frequency Measurement Events

Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2X
2B : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than

a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
2C : The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
2D : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than
a certain threshold
2F : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than
a certain threshold
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Inter-system Measurement Events

Inter-system measurement events are identified with 3X
3A : The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN

frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the
other system is higher than a certain threshold;
3C : The estimated quality value of the other system is higher
than a certain threshold ;
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2.4 Compressed mode
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The Purpose of Compressed mode

Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under

FDD mode
Categories :
Downlink compressed:
Uplink compressed
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Compressed Mode Sketch Map
One frame
(10 ms)
Transmission gap available for

inter-frequency measurements
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The realization Methods of Compressed mode
Realization Methods
SF/2
Higher layer scheduling
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3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover
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Page 34
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Characters of Soft Handover
During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells---active set.

The handover among different cells which are in same RLS
can be softer handover.
Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink
Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
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Page 35
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Advantages
Soft handover gain

Load balance
Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover.
Disadvantages
More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource

of BE service.
Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative.
When the downlink power from different cells is not balanced, it will
bring side-effect.
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Page 36
Measurement of Soft Handover

The measurement of soft handover/softer handover
Measurement value CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/No Pathloss

Process of Measurement Layer 1 filter, Layer 3 filter
Reporting way
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
Event type 1A 1B 1C 1D 1F
UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN
Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold,
Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time to trigger
Event reporting to periodic reporting
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The Decision Algorithm of Soft Handover
Soft /softer handover decision
1A : Radio Link Addition

1B : Radio Link Removal
1C : Combined Radio Link Addition
and Removal
1D : Change best cell
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The Execution of Soft Handover

Soft handover execution
The update principal of measurement control

Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters
according to best cell
RLC mode
AM mode is used for measurement control
UM mode is used for measurement report
The compensation and restriction of soft handover
From event reporting to periodic reporting
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Soft Handover Flow (add RL)
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Soft Handover Flow (del RL)
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Key Parameters
Relative threshold
Time to trigger
Layer 3 filter coefficient
Absolute threshold of soft handover
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3.1 Soft Handover
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The Characters of Intra-frequency Hard Handover

Characters
UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of handover

Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over to target cell
The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same
Advantages
Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware resource
Disadvantages
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency interference

Application scenarios
Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface congestion
(only happened in inter-RNC handover)
The different strategies can be used for different conditions, from the
aspects of code resource, QoS and so on.
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The Measurement, Decision and Execution of

Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Measurement
Similar to soft handover

Decision
1D event
Execution
UE reports CFN-SFN information

Synchronization hard handover
Use the original DOFF value
Continuous CFN
UE does not report CFN-SFN information
The hard handover based on timing
Re-configure DOFF
Calculate CFN according to DOFF
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Page 46
Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow

UE
Target
NODEB
Source
NODEB
SRNC
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP establish
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP release
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Page 48
Key Parameters
Handover decision threshold based on BE service bitrate
UE should do soft handover when the bitrate of BE

service is less than the threshold.
UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the
bitrate of BE service is greater than the threshold.
The parameters about 1D event:
Time to trigger, hysteresis

The parameters should be set according to the QoS
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Page 49

3.1 Soft Handover
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Page 50
The Brief Introduction of Inter-frequency Hard Handover

Characters
The working frequency is different after handover

The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one
receiver
Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used
for hard handover
Disconnected coverage
Handover based on load
Hierarchy cells
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Page 51
Measurement Values and Events

The Inter-frequency hard handover measurement
values
Measurement values:
CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/No
Different handover purpose for different
measurement type:
In the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP
In the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No
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Page 52
Compressed Mode Initiation

Conditions for measurement initiated
2D event : The estimated quality value of the used

frequency is lower than a certain threshold
Conditions for Measurement stopping
2F event : The estimated quality value of the used

frequency is higher than a certain threshold
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Page 53
Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based on UE Moving Speed

When UE is in one of the hierarchy cells, the moving speed
estimation algorithm is initiated

Handover events in a while decides whether the speed
of UE satisfies the current cell hierarchy condition
UEs moving speed decided the result.
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Page 54
Decision Algorithm
The inter-frequency hard handover decision
The coverage triggers the handover

2B event
the quality in the used frequency is lower than
absolute threshold, but the quality in another nonused frequency is higher than another absolute
threshold.
The UE moving speed triggers handover
2C event
the quality in another frequency is higher than an
absolute threshold
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Page 55
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Signaling Flow

UE
Target
NODEB
Source
NODEB
SRNC
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP established
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP released
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Page 56
Key Parameters (I)

Parameters of Inter-frequency handover based on coverage:
Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting or event

reporting
Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, trigger delay time
and hysteresis
Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the
different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain
and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality threshold of
target cell
Used frequency quality threshold for inter-frequency hard handover
The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency hard handover
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Page 57
Key Parameters (II)
Parameters of Inter-frequency handover based
on non-coverage
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter
coefficient, trigger delay time and hysteresis
Threshold of Inter-frequency handover based
on non-coverage
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Page 58

3.1 Soft Handover
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Page 59
The Brief Introduction of Inter-system Hard Handover

WCDMA FDD < >GSM

Characters
Different radio access technology is used after handover

Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the measurement
Advantages
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old equipments(2G>3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for equipments

Demands more complicated UE
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Page 60
Compressed Mode Initiated

The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)
Measurement type:
GSM Carrier RSSI
BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3 filter
Measurement reporting
Event reporting
2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
2F Event: stop GSM measurement
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Page 61
Decision Algorithm
Inter-system handover based on coverage
Event reporting:
3A event: The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN
frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other
system is higher than a certain threshold.
Periodic reporting:
Evaluation: According to the periodic reported GSM RSSI
measurement value and the BSIC confirming state of target cell of
GSM system, and meanwhile the UE evaluates the GSM RSSI of
target cell is greater than the absolute threshold, then consider
the cell confirmed by BSIC.
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Page 62
Decision Algorithm
Inter-system handover based on non-coverage
Event reporting
3C event: The estimated quality value of the other
system is higher than a absolute threshold.
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Page 63
Inter-system Handover Flow

UE
Node B
SRNC
CN
1. Relocation
Required
6. Relocation
Command
MSC
2. Prepare
Handover
5. Prepare
Handover
Response
BSC
3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command
8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete
12. Iu Release
Command
13. Iu Release
Complete
11. Send
End
Signal
Request
10. Handover
Complete
14. Send End

Signal Response
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Page 64
Key Parameters (I)

Parameters of inter-system handover based on coverage
Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold:

Considering the different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH
RSCP for PS domain and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F
parameters are configured
Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH RSCP
BSIC confirmed (Optional)
Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS domain
separately
Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold
Configure the trigger delay time, hysteresis for each event
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Page 65
Key Parameters (II)

Parameters of inter-system handover based on non-coverage
The decision threshold for inter-system handover: configure the

CS, PS separately
Trigger delay time
Configure BSIC with acknowledged and unacknowledged mode
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient and
hysteresis
Penalty time
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Page 66
Thank You
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Why mobile communication systems need handover?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Upon completion of this course, you will be able

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The Purpose of Handover

Providing the continuous service in mobile

communication system is the basic element in QoS

efficiency of using resource

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The Basic Concepts of Handover

Event reporting to Periodic reporting

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The Categories of Handover

Soft handover (softer handover)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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The Characters of Different Handovers

The frequencies of cells

Can be happened in Intrafrequency cells or Interfrequency cells

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The Characters of Different Handovers

During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined in NodeB by

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Three Steps of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Measurement Control, normal case

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Measurement Control, normal case

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Measurement Control, normal case

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Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover

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The Basic Concepts of Measurement

Intra-frequency events 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1F