MECHANICS OF SOLIDS I

CIVE 2200 - Lecture Notes

Lectures 1 and 2: Stress and Strain
Chapter 1 (1.3 1.7) and Chapter 2
Carleton University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
(notes derived from Dr. Ehab Zalok / Dr. Heng Khoo)

Chapter 1: Stress
Body in Static Equilibrium.
Take a section across the body.
Internal forces are shown on the cut surface.
If the body as a whole is in static equilibrium,
any part of the body is also in static equilibrium.
When taking a section, internal forces of two
parts always act in the opposite direction.
When combined together, these internal forces
cancel each other out.
These internal forces vary from point to point.
As the area of the surface reduces to a point,
internal forces => stresses.
Stress is the intensity of force per unit area of
surface acting on infinitesimal area
very small area as limit of Area 0.
2

Force N
1N
Unit of stress
;
; MPa where1MPa
2
Area mm
mm2

Take a section of the body normal to z-axis.

Look at area A with internal force F.
Resolve F into components in
the x, y and z directions FX, FY, FZ.
Divide components of F by A.
In z-direction: Fz
A
Take a limit for A goes to zero.
As A reduces, Fz also gets smaller.
the term approaches the force at a point.
Normal stress in the z-direction

FZ
Z lim
A 0 A
3

Normal Stress
The normal stress is the intensity of force component that is normal to
the surface of section (or the surface).
In this example Fz is normal to the surface of section.
When it is pulling tensile stress
pushing compressive stress

Shear Stress
FY and

ZY lim
A0 A

ZY , ZX

FZ
ZX lim
A0 A
= shear stresses

They act parallel to the surface of the selection (plane).

Similar to internal forces, these stresses vary from point to point.

General State of Stress:

In addition to the section along X-Yplane,
we take sections along Y-Z and X-Z planes.
Limit as A 0, is the state of stress at a point.
Equilibrium
Stresses on the back side of the surface always act in the opposite
direction of those in front
For , and
YX

XY

Average Normal Stress

Axially loaded prismatic bar (same cross-section)
force P

Normal stress
area
A
P

A
or

A P

1) Load has to be applied at the centroid.

No moment is generated about the centroid.
Resultant load is along the longitudinal axis

P
Do not have axially loaded member
A
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2) Assumptions: Material is homogeneous

(i.e. same physical and mechanical properties
throughout)
Material such as wood or concrete lack
homogeneity.
P

The equation
A is then a measure of
average stress, but it gives a good
representation of the stress distribution.
3) Bearing stress:
The average (nominal) stress over the
surface of contact (footing, base plate).
P
b
A
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Average Shear Stress Glued, Bolted, Welded Joints*

Example for single shear (Shear is transferred through one surface)
*Note: this is an approximation
1. Glued joint

avg

Looking up

Looking Down

2. Bolted Joints
Example of double shear.
Shear is transferred through two surfaces.
Force is transferred by the bolt through shear over the cross-section
area of the bolt.

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double shear
P
P
avg
A 2 Ab
P
avg
d2
2
4

d2
( Ab
)
4

d = diameter of bolt
Force is transferred between the bolt and plate through bearing.
Bolt bear against the plate and vice versa
b

P P
P

A dt dt1

For top and bottom

plates
b

P P 1
P

A 2 dt 2 2dt 2

Bearing stress on the bolt by11 the plate

3)Welded Joints

shear along weld throat:

avg

2 Lt

Minimum weld cross-section

area occurs at the throat t
t = w cos45

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Allowable Stress (Section 1.6)

When designing a structure, we want to ensure that it is safe against
failure
Failure = inability to serve its intended function
There are many failure criteria used in designing a structure

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So, must make sure that:

stress in a member < max useful material strength
In addition, must have safety margin to allow for:
load that may be higher than anticipated
material that is weaker than expected properties varies
Factor of Safety:

Max useful material strength( stress )

F .S .
allowable stress

Max useful material strength depends on the failure criteria.

fail
F .S .
or
allow
Required area

allow

or

fail
F .S .
allow

allow
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Example 1
Two aluminum rods AB and AC have diameters of 10 mm and 8 mm
respectively.
Note: The allowable tensile stress for the aluminum is allow = 150MPa.
a) Determine the largest vertical force P that can be supported.
Assume that pins at A and C are adequate.
b) Determine the minimum pin diameter at B for the force P from (a).
Note: The allowable shear stress for the pin allow = 100 MPa.
c) Calculate the average bearing stress on the plate D if the minimum pin
diameter is used. The plate is 10 mm thick. All pinned connected.

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 FY 0

FAB sin 45 P 0

P F ABsin 45

FX 0

FAB cos 45 FAC 0

FBD
(1)

FAC FAB cos 45

( 2)

M 0
a) Assume AB fails

Assume AC fails
FAC

82
150
4

7540 N

FAC 7.54kN
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From (1) and (2) FAB 7.54 10.66kN

cos 45
P 10.66sin 45 7.54kN

Governs

The smaller P = 7.54kN governs the design. AC will fail before AB.
Therefore the largest vertical force P = 7.54 kN to ensure that both AB
and BC will not fail.
b) Pin at B
FAB 10.66 kN
Two shear planes
allow 100 MPa
10.66 x103 x 4
d
100 x 2 x
2
p

FAB
F
AB 2
dp
2( A)
2
4
(convert to N )

2
d p2 67.86mm
Minimum

pin diameter, dp = 8.24mm

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c) Bearing on plate D
FAB 10.66 x103
b

dt
10 x8.24
b 129.4 MPa

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Example 2
Cross section area = 1000 mm2. Determine the normal and shear stress
on the inclined surface.
Resolve resultant into components!
Parallel and normal to surface.
V 10 cos 30 8.66kN
N 10 sin 30 5.00kN

inclined surface area is different

from the cross-section area.
A in c lin d e d

On inclined:

1000
2000m m
sin 3 0

5 x10
Normal stress ,
2.5 MPa
2000
8.66 x10 3
Shear stress ,
4.33 MPa
2000
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Example 3
A round post is sitting on a 200 x 200 mm square base plate that is
supported by a square footing.
a) Calculate the bearing stress on the footing by the base plate
b) The allowable soil bearing pressure is
allow = 200 kPa, determine the size of the footing.
a) Bearing stress applied by the base plate.
b1

500 x10 3

12.5MPa
200 x 200

b) Set b2 = allow = 200 kPa

500 x103
2
Arequired

2
.
5
m
200 x103
Dimension 2.5 1.58m x 1.58m

Use footing 1600 x 1600 mm.

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Chapter 2: Strain
Strain is the deformation per unit length.
1) Normal strain, L
L0

2) Shear Strain (Shear strain is a measure of change in angle due to

deformation for two perpendicular lines (lines at right angle)

Shear strain

xy

dy

x xy dy

Also xy

dx

y xy dx
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Example
Prismatic rod subjected to load P = 20 kN, and
has a normal strain = 0.0002

What is the extension of the rod?

L L0
0.0002(5)
0.001m 1.0mm
Similar to the general state of stress which has six components, the
general state of strain also has six components:

x , y , z , xy , yz , zx
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