Chapter 0

Introduction to
Computers
and
Programming
Languages

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission

required for reproduction or display.

Animated Version
Chapter 0 - 1

Chapter 0 Objectives
After you have read and studied this chapter, you
should be able to
State briefly a history of computers.
Name and describe five major components of the
computer.
Convert binary numbers to decimal numbers and vice
versa.
State the difference between the low-level and highlevel programming languages.

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission

required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 0 - 2

A History of Computers
Charles Babbage is credited as the father of computer.
Although never actually built, he proposed the computing
machines called Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
that possessed the core characteristics of todays
computers.
Ada Lovelace, who wrote demonstration programs for
Analytical Engine, is credited as the first programmer.
The first modern computer was built by Atanasoff of Iowa
State University in the late 1930s.
An electromechanical computer MARK I was built by
Howard Aiken of Harvard.
The first completely electronic computer ENIAC I was built
by Mauchly and Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 0 - 3

Computer Architecture
Output
Output
Devices
Devices

CommuCommunication
nication
Devices
Devices

Input
Input
Devices
Devices
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display.

RAM
RAM

CPU
CPU
Storage
Storage
Devices
Devices

Chapter 0 - 4

Progress of CPU Speed

For more information on Intel CPUs, click

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission

required for reproduction or display.

Intel Museum

Chapter 0 - 5

Decimal Number Representation

decimal
point

How
Howthe
thedecimal
decimal
number
is
number isrepresented.
represented.

104

10 3

102

101

10 1 10 2

10 0

103

Position Values

102

10 1

100

101

Example:

= 2 102 + 4 101+ 8 100 + 7 10 1

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission

required for reproduction or display.

= 2 100 + 4 10 + 8 1

+ 7 1/10

= 200

+ 7 /10 = 248.7

+ 40

+ 8

Chapter 0 - 6

Binary Number Representation

binary
point

How
Howthe
thebinary
binary
number
is
number isrepresented.
represented.

24

23

22

21

2 1

20

2 2

2 3

Position Values

Example:

22

21

20

2 1

= 1 2 2 + 0 21 + 1 2 0 + 1 2 1
= 1 4 + 0 2 + 1 1 + 1 1/2
= 4

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission

required for reproduction or display.

+0

+ 1

+ 1/2

5.5

Chapter 0 - 7

Programming Languages
Three levels of programming languages:
Machine Languages
Machine language instructions are binary coded and very low level.

Assembly Languages
Assembly language allows symbolic programming. Requires an
assembler to translate assembly programs into machine programs.

High-level Languages
High-level language provides a very high conceptual model of
computing. Requires a compiler to translate high-level programs into
assembly programs.

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission

required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 0 - 8

Java
Java is a high-level object-oriented language
developed by Sun Microsystems.
Javas clean design and wide availability make it
an ideal language for teaching the fundamentals of
computer programming.

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission

required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 0 - 9