Reinforced Columns

Concrete Construction

Lecture Goals
Columns
Short Column Design
Long Column Design

Behavior under Combined Bending and

Axial Loads
Usually moment is represented by axial load times
eccentricity, i.e.

Behavior under Combined Bending and

Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
Failure Envelope )

Concrete crushes
before steel yields
Steel yields before
concrete crushes

Note: Any combination of P and M outside the envelope

will cause failure.

Behavior under Combined Bending and

Axial Loads
Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram -General

Behavior under Combined Bending and

Axial Loads
Resultant Forces action at Centroid
( h/2 in this case )

Pn Cs1 Cc Ts2

compression
is positive

Moment about geometric center

h
h

h a

M n Cs1 * d1 Cc * Ts2 * d 2
2
2

2 2

Columns in Pure Tension

Section is completely cracked (no concrete
axial capacity)
Uniform Strain

y
N

Pn tension f y As
i 1

Columns
Strength Reduction Factor, (ACI Code 9.3.2)
(a) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure.
= 0.9
(b) Axial compression and axial compression with
flexure.
Members with spiral reinforcement confirming
to 10.9.3

Other reinforced members

Columns
Except for low values of axial compression, may be
increased as follows:
when f y 60,000 psi and reinforcement is symmetric
and

h d d s 0.70
h

ds = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of

tension reinforcement.
Then may be increased linearly to 0.9 as Pn
decreases from 0.10fc Ag to zero.

Column

Columns
Commentary:
Other sections:
may be increased linearly to 0.9 as the
strain s increase in the tension steel. Pb

Design for Combined Bending and

Axial Load (short column)

Design - select cross-section and reinforcement

to resist axial load and moment.

Design for Combined Bending and

Axial Load (short column)
Column Types
1) Spiral Column - more efficient for e/h < 0.1,
but forming and spiral expensive
2) Tied Column - Bars in four faces used when
e/h < 0.2 and for biaxial bending

General Procedure
The interaction diagram for a column is
constructed using a series of values for Pn and
Mn. The plot shows the outside envelope of the
problem.

General Procedure for construction

of an interaction diagram
Compute P0 and determine maximum Pn in
compression
Select a c value.
Calculate the stress in the steel components.
Calculate the forces in the steel and concrete,C c, Cs1
and Ts.
Determine Pn value.
Compute the Mn about the center.
Compute moment arm,e = Mn / Pn.

General Procedure for construction

of an interaction diagram
Repeat with series of c values (10) to obtain a
series of values.
Obtain the maximum tension value.
Plot Pn verse Mn.
Determine Pn and Mn.
Find the maximum compression level.
Find the will vary linearly from 0.65 to 0.9 for the
strain values
The tension component will be = 0.9

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10
( = 0.0254) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Draw the
interaction diagram.

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

Ast 8 1.27 in 2 10.16 in 2

Ag 20 in. 400 in 2
2

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

P0 0.85 f c Ag Ast f y Ast

0.85 4 ksi 400 in 10.16 in

2

1935 k
Pn rP0

0.8 1935 k 1548 k

60 ksi 10.16 in
2

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb.

Pn rP0

0.8 1935 k 1548 k

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb. Using similar
triangles you can find cb

cb
17.5 in.
0.003

cb
17.5 in.
0.003 0.003 0.00207
0.003 0.00207
cb 10.36 in.

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel

cb 2.5 in.
10.36 in. 2.5 in.
s1
cu
0.003 0.00228
cb
10.36 in.

cb 10 in.
10.36 in. 10 in.
s2
cu
0.003 0.000104
cb
10.36 in.

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine the stress in the steel

f s1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00228

66 ksi 60 ksi compression
f s2 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.000104
3.02 ksi compression

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc 0.85 f cb 1c 0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 10.36 in.

598.8 k

Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c 3 1.27 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

215.6 k

Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 3.02 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

0.97 k neglect

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Ts As f s 3 1.27 in

60 ksi

228.6 k
Pn 599.8 k 215.6 k 228.6 k
585.8 k

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a
h

h
M Cc Cs1
d1 Ts d 3
2 2
2

2
20 in. 0.85 10.85 in.
599.8 k

2
2

20 in.

215.6 k
2.5 in.
2

20 in.
228.6 k 17.5 in.

6682.2 k-in 556.9 k-ft

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(585.6 k, 556.9 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 6682.2 k-in
e

11.41 in.
P
585.8 k
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in.

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel, c =17.5 in.

c 2.5 in.
17.5 in. 2.5 in.

s1
cu
0.003 0.00257
c
17.5 in.

f s1 74.5 ksi 60 ksi (compression)

c 10 in.
17.5 in. 10 in.
s2
cu
0.003 0.00129
c
17.5 in.

f s2 37.3 ksi (compression)

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Cc 0.85 f cb 1c 0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 17.5 in.

1012 k

Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c 3 1.27 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

216 k

Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 37.3 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

86 k

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Ts As f s 3 1.27 in

0 ksi

0k
Pn 1012 k 216 k 86 k
1314 k

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a
h
M Cc Cs1
d1
2 2
2
20 in. 0.85 17.5 in.
1012 k

2
2

20 in.

216 k
2.5 in.
2

4213 k-in 351.1 k-ft

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(1314 k, 351.1 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 4213 k-in
e

3.2 in.
P
1314 k
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 6 in.

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel, c =6 in.
c 2.5 in.
s1
cu
c

f s1 50.75 ksi

6 in. 2.5 in.

0.003 0.00175
6 in.

(compression)

c 10 in.
6 in. 10 in.
s2
cu
0.003 0.002
c
6 in.

f s2 58 ksi (tension)
c 17.5 in.
6 in. 17.5 in.
s2
cu
0.003 0.00575
c
6 in.

f s2 60 ksi (tension)

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Cc 0.85 f cb 1c 0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 6 in.

346.8 k

Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c 3 1.27 in 2 50.75 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

180.4 k C

Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 58 ksi

147.3 k T

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Ts As f s 3 1.27 in

60 ksi

228.6 k
Pn 346.8 k 180.4 k 147.3 k 228.6 k
151.3 k

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a
h

h
M Cc Cs1
d1 Ts d 3
2 2
2

2
0.85 6 in.

346.8 k 10 in.

180.4 k 10 in. 2.5 in.

228.6 k 17.5 in. 10 in.

5651 k-in 470.9 k-ft

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(151 k, 471 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 5651.2 k-in
e

37.35 in.
P
151.3 k
Select point of straight tension

Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
The maximum tension in the column is

Pn As f y 8 1.27 in
610 k

60 ksi

Example
Point

c (in)

Pn

Mn

1548 k

20

1515 k

253 k-ft

2 in

17.5

1314 k

351 k-ft

3.2 in

12.5

841 k

500 k-ft

7.13 in

10.36

585 k

556 k-ft

11.42 in

8.0

393 k

531 k-ft

16.20 in

6.0

151 k

471 k-ft

37.35 in

~4.5

0k

395 k-ft

infinity

-610 k

0 k-ft

Example
Column Analysis

Use a series of c
values to obtain the
Pn verses Mn.

2000
1500

P (k)

1000
500
0
0

100

200

300

-500
-1000

M (k-ft)

400

500

600

Example
Max. compression
Column Analysis
1200
1000

Location of the
linearly varying

800

Pn (k)

600

Cb

400
200
0
-200

100

200

300

-400

Max. tension

-600
-800

Mn (k-ft)

400

500