BLDG Cons T 4

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTIO
N
IV
STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes 4.1
4. STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION

4.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES
Structural Steel Framing

Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
The most common shapes of structural steel used in buildings are the American
Standard Steel Shapes such as:
1. Square Bars
2.
3. Round Bars
4. Plate Bars
5. Angle Bars
6. Channels The standard channel has the shape of unsymmetrical balance
consisting of two flanges on one side. It requires lateral support to prevent its
tendency to buckle. Channels are generally used as parts of built-up sections
for columns and are also suitable for framing around floor openings, spandrels
and lintels attributed to the absence of flanges on the other side. The channel
section is identified as C 15 x 20 which means that the channel has a depth of
20 cm and weights 15 kg per meter length.
7. I-Beams The use of a standard I-beam as a column is uneconomical
because the whirl or revolving action of the member about an axis through the
centroid of the web is comparatively small.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes 4.1
7. Tee Beams
8. H-Columns
Steel Columns &

Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
9. Wide Flanges Wide Flange sections are designated as W 12 x 24 which

mean that the flange has a depth of 24 cm and weighs 12 kg per meter
length. All wide flange sections are generally with parallel face flange
except those with 5% slope inside face produced by Bethlehem Steel
Company. Comparatively, wide flange sections are more efficient than
standard I-beams with respect to bending resistance.
10. Zees The zee section is another structural form in a letter Z which is not
frequently used in building construction except for the fabrication of steel
windows and other frames.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing 4.2
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING

Structural steel girders, beams, and columns are used to construct a
skeleton frame for structures ranging in size from one-story to
skyscrapers. Because structural steel is difficult to work with on site, it
is normally cut, shaped, and drilled in a fabrication shop according to
design specifications; this can result in relatively fast, precise
construction of a structural frame. Structural steel may be left exposed
in unprotected non-combustible construction, but because steel can
lose strength rapidy in a fire, fire-rated assemblies or coatings are
required to qualify as fire-resistive construction.
The three major types of framing systems are the following:
4.2.1 One-Way Beam System each
pair of external columns supports a
long-spanning beam or girders. This
form of construction is suitable for
long, narrow buildings, especially
when a column-free space is desired.
The absence of columns in the interior
is an advantage in structures such as
car parks, as freedom from
obstruction makes for greater and
safer maneuverability, besides
allowing the layout of the parking
spaces to be altered at any time.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.2.2 Two-Way Beam System a two-layer system, where beams

frame into girders, increases floor depth considerably and provides
more space for mechanical systems. Steel girders span the short axis
of a building bay thus contributing to the lateral stability of the structure.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.2.3 Three-Way Beam System is used when a large columnfree space is required, where long-spanning plate girders or
trusses can be used to carry the primary beam, which in turn
support a layer of secondary beams.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.3 STEEL COLUMNS AND CONNECTIONS

4.3.1 STEEL COLUMNS
Steel columns are of the following types:
a. Struts of one or two angles. These
are used for compression members in
roof trusses, light towers, and lattice
girders. The two angles of a double
struts are riveted together by rivets
driven through washers placed
between the two angles at intervals of
4 to 6 ft.
b. Starred angles of two or four
connected by batten plate spaced at
intervals of 3 to 4ft. These are used
to support the light loads.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
c. Latticed Columns made up of channels or

angles connected by lattice bars are often
used where light loads are to be supported on
long columns.
Steel Beams &

Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
d. Rolled H-columns. These are obtainable

with depths ranging from 6 to 16 and are
now commonly used instead of built-up
columns in steel skeleton construction.
e. Built-up Columns. These are usually of H-shaped section formed by a

combination of plates and angles although box columns with two or more
webs are not uncommonly used in heavy building frames.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
f. Top Chord sections of heavy trusses are

usually unsymmetrical and are made of two
rolled or built-up channel sections and a cover
plate. The open (bottom) side of the section is
latticed.
g. Columns for bents are sometimes made up
of a pair of channels and an I beam with batten
plates at intervals of 3 to 4 ft. connecting the
flanges of the channels. Columns made of four
angles and a web-plate are commonly used in
mill building bents.
h. Battened columns are those in which two
component parts of the column are connected
only by batten plates. They are decidedly
inferior to latticed columns and should be
avoided if a continuous plate or latticing can be
used instead.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
In the design of steel columns the following should be taken into

consideration: No part of a steel column should be less than 1/4 thick. No
material whether in a body of the column or used as a lattice bar or stay
plate, shall be of less thickness than 1/32 of its unsupported width,
measured between centers of rivets transversely, or 1/6 of the distance
between center of rivets in the direction of stress. Tie-plates are to have
not less than 4 rivets and are to be spaced so that the ratio of length to the
least radius of gyration of the parts connected does not exceed 40, the
distance between nearest rivets of two stay plates in this case being
considered as length. In built-up columns the thickness of any outstanding
member (for example, the outstanding legs of angles) shall not be less
than 1/12 of the width of the outstanding portion.
Base plates for steel column are usually made of steel plates and shapes.
Cast-iron bases are sometimes used for very heavy columns. Ribbed
cases may also be used instead of plates and when bolted to the columns,
add greatly to the stability of the supporting members because of their
greater width.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.3.2 LALLY COLUMNS

These are columns made up of a cylindrical steel
pipe shell filled with 1:1-1/2:3 Portland cement
concrete. The standard type of lally column is
reinforced with only the steel pipe shell. Special
types of columns are obtainable with additional
reinforcement consisting of steel pipe,
reinforcing bars or structural steel shapes. The
light weight column is 4 in outside diameter with
a shell thickness of 0.134, while the heavyweight columns are from 3-1/2 to 12-3/4 inches
in outside diameter with shell thicknesses of
0.216 to 0.375 inches.
4.3.3 COMPOSITE COLUMNS
These are columns in which a concrete core is further reinforced with a
steel or cast-iron core designed to support a part of the load. Steel
cores may be structural H-sections or four angles, latticed or battened;
cast-iron cores are usually either solid shafts or hollow pipe sections.
The column may be further reinforced by vertical rods or bars placed
at the circumference and enclosed by spirals.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.3.4 STEEL COLUMN CONNECTIONS
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.4 STEEL BEAMS AND CONNECTIONS

Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
4.4
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.4.1 STEEL BEAMS

Steel beams may be rolled in the shape of the letter I (I-beams), channel
beams or angles. Beams of T shape were formerly used but have now
been restricted to minor uses. The I-beam is the ideal type of steel beam.
The horizontal portion is the web. Channels are sections of this shape:
They vary in depth from 3 to 15, and in weight from 4.1lb. per ft. to 55lb.
per ft.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Girders may be built up of angles and plates riveted together for long spans
and for unusual cases of very heavy loading. Those are of two types:

Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
4.4
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
a. Plate Girders. A plate girder is a beam

composed of a wide plate, known as a
web, at the top and bottom of which are
riveted angles and plates. The simplest
type of plate girder consists of a web and
four flange angles. If this does not give
sufficient flange area, cover plates may be
added. The web may be frequently
reinforced against buckling by angles
riveted to its sides, known as stiffener
angles.
b. Box Girders. This is a built up
beam in which more than one web
plate is used.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
4.4
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Beams and girders may be connected to columns by either seated connections or

framed connections.
In a seated connection the bottom flange of the beam rests on and is field-riveted
to an angle shop-riveted to the flange or web of the column. Another angle is fieldriveted to the column and to the top flange of the beam.
In a framed connection the web of the beam or girder is connected by angles or by
gusset-plates to the column. In framed connections, angle seats are usually shopriveted to the columns to hold the beam or girder during erection.
4.4.2 STEEL BEAM CONNECTIONS

Moment Connections AISC Type 1 also called Rigid Frame
connections are able to hold their original angle under loading by developing
a specified resisting moment, usually by means of plates welded or bolted to
the beam flanges and the supporting column.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
2. Shear Connections AISC Type 2 Simple Frame connections are made

to resist only shear and are free to rotate under gravity loads. Shear walls or
diagonal bracing is required for lateral stability of the structure.

Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
4.4
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
3. Semi Rigid Connections AISC Type 3 Semi-Rigid Frame

connections assume beam and girder connections possess a limited but
known moment resisting capacity.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists 4.5
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.5 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS

Open web joists are lightweight, shop fabricated steel members having a
trussed web. A K series joist has a web consisting of a single bent bar,
running in a zigzag pattern between the upper and lower chords. The LH
and DLH series joists have heavier web and chord members and are for
increased loads and spans.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking 4.6
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.6 METAL DECKING

Metal decking are corrugated steel panels used as a working platform
during construction and eventually as formwork for sitecast concrete
slab. The decking panels are secured with puddle-welds or shear welded
through the decking to the supporting steel joists or beams. The panels
are fastened to each other along their sides with screws, weld, or button
punching standing seams. If the deck is to serve as a structural
diaphragm and transfer lateral loads to shear walls, its entire perimeter is
welded to steel supports. In addition, more stringent requirements to
support and side lap fastening may apply. There are three major types of
metal decking:
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking 4.6
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.6.1 Form Decking serves as a

permanent formwork for a reinforced
concrete slab until the slab can
support itself and its live load.
4.6.2 Composite Decking
serves as a tensile reinforcement
for the concrete slab to which it is
bonded with embossed rib pattern.
Composite action between the
concrete slab and the floor beams
or joists can be achieved by
welding shear studs through the
decking to the supporting beam
below.
4.6.3 Cellular Decking is
manufactured by welding a corrugated
sheet to a flat steel sheet, forming a
series of spaces or raceways for
electrical and communications wiring;
special cutouts are available for floor
outlets. The decking may serve as an
acoustic ceiling when the perforated
cells are filled with glass fiber.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.7 STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES

4.7.1 ROOF TRUSSES

Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
A truss is a structural framework composed of a series of straight members

so arranged and fastened together that external loads applied to it will
cause only direct stress in the members. The upper and lower members of
a truss are called the top chord and bottom chord respectively. The
members of the truss which are framed between and join the top and
bottom members are called web members.
When the external loads act downward and the truss is supported at the
ends, the top chord is always in compression and the lower chord always in
tension, similar to the upper and lower flanges of a beam. The webmembers are subjected to stresses of either tension or compression. Webmembers subjected to tensile stresses are called tension web-members;
those which are subjected to compression are called compression webmembers. In certain positions, a web-member may be subjected to tension
through the action of a load applied at one point, and when applied at
another point that load may produce compression in the member so that at
one time it will be subjected to tension and at another time to compression.
Such a member, design to resist either tension or compression, is called a
counterbrace. A member of a truss system which acts only for a particular
partial loading, and which has a zero stress when the truss is completely
loaded is called a counter.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
When a truss is supported at its ends by columns, the truss together with
its columns, considered as a unit, is called a bent.
The intersection between two or more members of the truss is called a
joint or panel joint and the distance between two adjacent joints along
either the top or bottom chords is known as the panel or panel length. The
quadrangular space, crossed by an inclined web-member, is also referred
to as a panel. The axes of all members at each joint should always meet in
a common point.
The span of a roof truss is the distance between the centers of the
supports and its rise is the distance between the apex of the truss and the
line joining the points of support. The pitch of a roof truss is the ratio of the
rise to the span for a truss symmetrical about its center line. The slope of
an inclined member is the tangent of the angle of inclination with the
horizontal, usually specified in inches rise per 12 run.
The portion of the roof between two adjacent trusses is called a bay.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.7.2 TYPES OF TRUSSES

A. RELATIVE TO THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE
MEMBERS COMPOSING THE TRUSS.
1. Complete Frame. A complete structural frame, or truss, is one in
which is made up of the minimum number of members required to
provide a complete system of triangles fixing the relative positions of a
given number of panel joints. If the number of panel points in the given
structure and n = the number of necessary members.
n = 2p 3
2. Incomplete Frame. One in which the number of members is less than
that required by the equation given above.
3. Redundant Frame. A redundant frame is one which contains more
members than that required by the equation given above.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
B. RELATIVE TO FORM

1. Triangular
Steel Columns &

Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
2. Quadrangular

Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
3. Crescent
Joining of Steel
Members
4. Scissors
5. Arched
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
C. RELATIVE TO METHOD OF SUPPORT

1. Simple Truss. A truss supported at each end-point.
2. Overhanging end span. A truss supported at one end-joint and other joint not
an end-joint.
3. Cantilever span. A truss where the entire support is at one end only.

Panel Length
Metal Decking
Peak

Frames
Systems
Continuous Lateral Brace
Truss Plate
Top Chord
Heel
Slope
Pitch
Web
Joining of Steel
Members
Bottom Chord
Bearing Point
Splice
Panel Point
Wedge Block
Span (Out to Out of Bearings)

Overhang
Bottom Chord Length
Cantilever
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
D. RELATIVE TO ARRANGEMENT OF THE WEB-BRACING SYSTEM

1. Fink
2. Howe
3. Pratt
4. Scissors
5. Hammer-beam
6. Sawtooth
7. Warren
8. Pettit
Steel Beams &

Connection
Metal Decking
FINK
SAWTOOTH

Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
HOWE
WARREN
PRATT
SCISSORS
PETTIT
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.6.3 RIGID FRAMES

Rigid frames consist of two columns and a beam or girder that are rigidly
connected at their joints. Applied loads produce axial, bending and shear forces
in all members of the frame since the rigid joints restrain the ends of the
members from rotating freely. In addition, vertical loads cause a rigid frame to
develop horizontal thrusts at its base. A rigid frame is statically indeterminate and
rigid only in its plane.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.8 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS

4.8.1 ARRANGEMENT OF VERTICAL COMPONENTS
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.8.2 STRENGTHENING THE FRAMING SYSTEM

The framing system can be stiffened against horizontal forces in the following
three (3) methods:
1. The structure is composed of rigid frames which may comprise some hinged
joints but there must be sufficient rigid joints to ensure that none of the nodes
of the frame is free to move sideways. The members may be straight or
curved and a variety of shapes may be chosen for such framed structure.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
2. A bracing system which consists of a triangulated framework of rolled

sections will hold the joints together and further strengthen the
framework against lateral loads. The center lines of members
converging at a joint should intersect at one point. The joints
themselves are conventionally assumed to be hinged, so that the
members are either ties or struts, loaded purely in tension or
compression, respectively. However, the overall bracing effect of a
lattice system can be enhances by constructing it with tiff members and
rigid joints.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
3. Finally, shear walls in the form of more or less solid diaphragms,

usually of reinforced concrete, transmit the wind and earthquake
forces by shear and bending.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
4.8.3 The Ultimate Structures for Skyscrapers

Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
THE TUBULAR FRAME

The high-rise building conceived as a rigid tube ---

Metal Decking
Frames
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
If a high-rise building is of suitably compact shape on plan (circular,

square, not too narrow a rectangle), the external columns can be
structurally merged with the external lattice bracing or with
spandrel girders so as to form a vast rigid tube. This stiffening
system is particularly effective and economical. This is due not only
to the optimum distribution of the bracing, but also more
particularly to the co-operation of all the columns and bracing or
spandrel girders in the external walls.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
The John Hancock Center, Chicago (architects:

Graham and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill)
employs the tube in its framing system. In this 335
m high 100-story building, all the horizontal forces
are transmitted through external bracing, whereby
a substantial saving has been achieved in
comparison with a bracing system located in the
interior. The external lattice members form a
distinctive architectural feature.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
4.9 JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS

Steel shapes can be joined in the building frame using any of the
following fastening methods:
4.9.1 RIVETING
A rivet is a short pin, of malleable metal such as iron, steel, or copper,
with a head at one end; used to unite two metal plates by passing it
through a hole in both plates and then hammering down the point to
for a second head.
In structural riveting, a hot steel rivet with a formed head is inserted in
holes through two members to be joined; its head is then held with a
hand hammer with a cup shaped depression, while a pneumatic
hammer drives a rivet set repeatedly against the other end to form a
second head. The rivet shrinks as it cools, drawing members tightly
together.
Rivet set, rivet snap, settoing punch, snap a tool for shaping the head of a rivet.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
The types of rivet heads are:
Countersunk, raised
Countersunk, flat
Button, coned neck
Button, straight neck
Pan, coned neck
Pan, straight neck

Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
4.9.2 BOLTING
The bolts commonly used in steel frame construction falls into two general
categories:
Carbon-steel bolts or common bolts; are similar to the ordinary
machine bolts. Carbon steel is steel having no specified minimum
content of alloying elements; minimum copper content not exceeding
0.40%.
High-strength bolts are bolts made of either high-strength carbon steel
or quenched and tempered alloy steel; tempered meaning, heat
treated during manufacture to develop the necessary strength. It is
usually tightened using pneumatic or electric impact wrench.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
A major problem in high strength bolting or friction type connections is how

to verify the necessary tension has been achieved in all the bolts in a
connection.
There are several ways to achieve proper tightening:
Turn-of-nut method
Load indicator washer
Tension control bolts
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
4.9.3 WELDING
Welding has become fully accepted as a means of joining steel structural
members in buildings because it has the inherent advantage of fusing
the metals to be joined, thereby simplifying connections and
fabricating operations.
A. DEFINITION OF FUSION WELDING (ELECTRIC ARC WELDING)
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
The fusion welding process employs an electric arc, wherein energy in the
form of heat is supplied by establishing an arc between the base or
parent metal (the parts to be joined) and a metal electrode. As the arc
is formed, tremendous heat is concentrated at the point of welding.
Instantly, the materials are at melting-point temperature.
The parent metal melts in a small pool and additional metal supplied by
the electrode is transferred through the arc an deposited in the pool.
As the electrode continues along the joint, the molten metal left behind
solidifies to form the weld.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
4.8.2 COATED ELECTRODES

Most welding is done with coated electrodes. The function of the coating
is to form a gaseous shield, which protects the arc and molten metal
from contact with the air. Oxides and nitrides resulting from contact
with the air tend to produce brittle welds. The coating also forms a
slag-fuse shield, which floats above the molten metal, protecting it
from the atmosphere. The slag is easily removed after the weld has
cooled.
The size and strength of weld is determined by the length of its leg.
For an E60 electrode on A36 steel, the allowable stress may be
computed on the basis of 800 pounds per linear inch per 1/16 inch
of leg size.
For A36 steel or higher-strength steels up to Fy = 60 ksi, an E70
electrode should be used and the the allowable stress may be
computed on the basis of 930 pounds per linear inch per 1/16 inch
of leg size.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
C. TYPES OF WELD

Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
FILLET WELD is of approximately triangular section joining two

surfaces approximately at right angles to each other. The fillet weld
is the most common type of weld used in structural work.
GROOVE WELD is made by depositing filler material in a groove
between two members to be joined. The standard types of grooves
are square, V, bevel-U, and J. With the exception of the square
groove, all grooves may be either single or double.
PLUG or SLOT WELD is made of a circular hole (plug) or an
elongated hole (slot) in one member of a lap joint, joining that
member to the portion of the surface of the other member that is
exposed through the hole.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
D. WELD POSITIONS
There are four positions in welding. In order of economy, they are the flat, horizontal,
vertical, and overhead positions. Overhead welds, which is the most difficult, should be
avoided whenever possible.
E. WELD JOINTS
The three most common joints used in structural work are the butt, T, and lap joints.
Other types are the edge and corner joints. Fillet welds are applicable to T, lap, and
corner joints; groove welds are applicable to all joints with the exception of lap joints.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
STANDARD WELDING SYMBOLS
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Frames
Systems
Members
WELDING SYMBOLS Examples of use
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
4
END

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BUILDING

4. STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Structural Steel Framing

Structural Steel Framing

Steel Columns &

9. Wide Flanges Wide Flange sections are designated as W 12 x 24 which

4.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING

4.2.2 Two-Way Beam System a two-layer system, where beams

4.3 STEEL COLUMNS AND CONNECTIONS

c. Latticed Columns made up of channels or

Steel Beams &

d. Rolled H-columns. These are obtainable

e. Built-up Columns. These are usually of H-shaped section formed by a

f. Top Chord sections of heavy trusses are

In the design of steel columns the following should be taken into

4.3.2 LALLY COLUMNS

4.3.4 STEEL COLUMN CONNECTIONS

4.4 STEEL BEAMS AND CONNECTIONS

Structural Steel Framing

4.4.1 STEEL BEAMS

Structural Steel Framing

a. Plate Girders. A plate girder is a beam

Beams and girders may be connected to columns by either seated connections or

4.4.2 STEEL BEAM CONNECTIONS

2. Shear Connections AISC Type 2 Simple Frame connections are made

Structural Steel Framing

3. Semi Rigid Connections AISC Type 3 Semi-Rigid Frame

4.5 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS

4.6 METAL DECKING

4.6.1 Form Decking serves as a

4.7 STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES

Structural Steel Framing

A truss is a structural framework composed of a series of straight members

4.7.2 TYPES OF TRUSSES

Structural Steel Shapes

Steel Columns &

Open-Web Steel Joists

C. RELATIVE TO METHOD OF SUPPORT

Open-Web Steel Joists

Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7

Continuous Lateral Brace

Span (Out to Out of Bearings)

Bottom Chord Length

D. RELATIVE TO ARRANGEMENT OF THE WEB-BRACING SYSTEM

Steel Beams &

Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7

4.6.3 RIGID FRAMES

4.8 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS

4.8.2 STRENGTHENING THE FRAMING SYSTEM

2. A bracing system which consists of a triangulated framework of rolled

3. Finally, shear walls in the form of more or less solid diaphragms,

4.8.3 The Ultimate Structures for Skyscrapers

Structural Steel Framing

THE TUBULAR FRAME

Open-Web Steel Joists

If a high-rise building is of suitably compact shape on plan (circular,

The John Hancock Center, Chicago (architects:

4.9 JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS

The types of rivet heads are:

Open-Web Steel Joists

A major problem in high strength bolting or friction type connections is how

4.8.2 COATED ELECTRODES

Structural Steel Framing